scholarly journals Distinct Sources of Deterministic and Stochastic Components of Action Timing Decisions in Rodent Frontal Cortex

Neuron ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 94 (4) ◽  
pp. 908-919.e7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masayoshi Murakami ◽  
Hanan Shteingart ◽  
Yonatan Loewenstein ◽  
Zachary F. Mainen
Keyword(s):  
Frontal Cortex ◽  
Timing Decisions ◽  
Action Timing

scholarly journals Distinct sources of deterministic and stochastic components of action timing decisions in rodent frontal cortex

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masayoshi Murakami ◽  
Hanan Shteingart ◽  
Yonatan Loewenstein ◽  
Zachary F. Mainen
Keyword(s):  
Frontal Cortex ◽  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Internal State ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Neural Dynamics ◽  
Stochastic Choice ◽  
Electrophysiological Recordings ◽  
Timing Decisions ◽  
Action Timing ◽  
Differential Coding

SUMMARYThe selection and timing of actions are subject to determinate influences such as sensory cues and internal state as well as to effectively stochastic variability. Although stochastic choice mechanisms are assumed by many theoretical models, their origin and mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here we investigated this issue by studying how neural circuits in the frontal cortex determine action timing in rats performing a waiting task. Electrophysiological recordings from two regions necessary for this behavior, medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and secondary motor cortex (M2), revealed an unexpected functional dissociation. Both areas encoded deterministic biases in action timing, but only M2 neurons reflected stochastic trial-by-trial fluctuations. This differential coding was reflected in distinct timescales of neural dynamics in the two frontal cortical areas. These results suggest a two-stage model in which stochastic components of action timing decisions are injected by circuits downstream of those carrying deterministic bias signals.

Oligodendrocytes in Developing Hameter Cerebral Cortex

1976 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 126-127
Author(s):  
MB. Tank Buschmann
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Optic Nerve ◽  
Frontal Cortex ◽  
Osmium Tetroxide ◽  
Sodium Cacodylate Buffer ◽  
Sodium Cacodylate ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Cacodylate Buffer ◽  
Layer V ◽  
Adult Hamster

Development of oligodendrocytes in rat corpus callosum was described as a sequential change in cytoplasmic density which progressed from light to medium to dark (1). In rat optic nerve, changes in cytoplasmic density were not observed, but significant changes in morphology occurred just prior to and during myelination (2). In our study, the ultrastructural development of oligodendrocytes was studied in newborn, 5-, 10-, 15-, 20-day and adult frontal cortex of the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus).Young and adult hamster brains were perfused with paraformaldehyde-glutaraldehyde in sodium cacodylate buffer at pH 7.3 according to the method of Peters (3). Tissue samples of layer V of the frontal cortex were post-fixed in 2% osmium tetroxide, dehydrated in acetone and embedded in Epon-Araldite resin.

The relevance of proprioception in action timing studied in a case of deafferentation

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prisca Stenneken ◽  
Gisa Aschersleben ◽  
Jonathan Cole ◽  
Wolfgang Prinz
Keyword(s):  
Action Timing

Protocol Targets Frontal Cortex

2007 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
ERIK L. GOLDMAN
Keyword(s):  
Frontal Cortex
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