The antagonism of ghrelin alters the appetitive response to learned cues associated with food

2016 ◽  
Vol 303 ◽  
pp. 191-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan J. Dailey ◽  
Timothy H. Moran ◽  
Peter C. Holland ◽  
Alexander W. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Appetitive Response

Effects of ethanol on hippocampal neurogenesis depend on the conditioned appetitive response

2012 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 774-785 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Tesone-Coelho ◽  
Patricia Varela ◽  
João C. Escosteguy-Neto ◽  
Clarissa F. Cavarsan ◽  
Luiz E. Mello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hippocampal Neurogenesis ◽  
Appetitive Response

scholarly journals The effects of acute nicotine, chronic nicotine, and withdrawal from chronic nicotine on performance of a cued appetitive response.

2013 ◽  
Vol 127 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prescott T. Leach ◽  
Kristy A. Cordero ◽  
Thomas J. Gould
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Nicotine ◽  
Appetitive Response

scholarly journals Acetic acid activates distinct taste pathways in Drosophila to elicit opposing, state-dependent feeding responses

eLife ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita V Devineni ◽  
Bei Sun ◽  
Anna Zhukovskaya ◽  
Richard Axel
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Taste Aversion ◽  
Behavioral Response ◽  
Internal State ◽  
State Dependent ◽  
Aversive Response ◽  
Genetically Determined ◽  
Appetitive Response

Taste circuits are genetically determined to elicit an innate appetitive or aversive response, ensuring that animals consume nutritious foods and avoid the ingestion of toxins. We have examined the response of Drosophila melanogaster to acetic acid, a tastant that can be a metabolic resource but can also be toxic to the fly. Our data reveal that flies accommodate these conflicting attributes of acetic acid by virtue of a hunger-dependent switch in their behavioral response to this stimulus. Fed flies show taste aversion to acetic acid, whereas starved flies show a robust appetitive response. These opposing responses are mediated by two different classes of taste neurons, the sugar- and bitter-sensing neurons. Hunger shifts the behavioral response from aversion to attraction by enhancing the appetitive sugar pathway as well as suppressing the aversive bitter pathway. Thus a single tastant can drive opposing behaviors by activating distinct taste pathways modulated by internal state.

scholarly journals Sex Differences and the Impact of Chronic Stress and Recovery on Instrumental Learning

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela L. McDowell ◽  
Kathryn M. H. Fransen ◽  
Kevin S. Elliott ◽  
Alhasan Elghouche ◽  
Polina V. Kostylev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Instrumental Learning ◽  
Response Speed ◽  
Reduced Body ◽  
Body Weight Data ◽  
Daily Body Weight ◽  
Appetitive Response ◽  
The Impact

We have previously shown that 21-day chronic restraint stress impacts instrumental learning, but overall few studies have examined sex differences on the impact of stress on learning. We further examined sex differences in response to extended 42-day chronic stress on instrumental learning, as well as recovery from chronic stress. Rats were tested in aversive training tasks with or without prior appetitive experience, and daily body weight data was collected as an index of stress. Relative to control animals, reduced body weight was maintained from day 22 through day 42 across the stress period for males, but not for females. Stressed males had increased response speed and lower learning efficiency during appetitive acquisition and aversive learning. Males overall showed slower escape shaping times and more shock exposure. In contrast, stressed females showed slower appetitive response speeds and higher appetitive and aversive efficiency but overall reduced avoidance rates during acquisition and maintenance for transfer animals and during maintenance for aversive-only animals. These tasks reveal important nuances on the effect of stress on goal-directed behavior and further highlight sexually divergent effects on appetitive versus aversive motivation. Furthermore, these data underscore that systems are temporally impacted by chronic stress in a sexually divergent pattern.

The Activation of Habits

1966 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 527-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melvin H. Marx
Keyword(s):  
Learning Motivation ◽  
Learning Theories ◽  
Acquisition Process ◽  
Motivated Behavior ◽  
Satisfactory Account ◽  
Motivation Interaction ◽  
Appetitive Response

This paper presents data from three sets of experiments on simple runway and barpress performance by the rat. The results are interpreted as offering support for the hypothesis that the response-specific associative and activating components of motivated behavior are independently manipulable, and that it is essentially a decrement in the activating component which accounts for the decrement in performance typically shown in extinction. The implications of this view, especially for a reconceptualization of the habit construct, are outlined. Although the research here reported is concerned with extinction, where the separability of the two components is most readily demonstrated, the hypothesis also necessarily pertains to acquisition. It holds that during acquisition of an instrumental appetitive response an organism not only learns how to respond but also develops a motivation to respond. Research is now underway on the determinants of the acquisition of this activating component. Definitive statements are not yet feasible but it may be hoped that data on the acquisition process complementary to those reported for extinction will eventually provide a more satisfactory account of the learning-motivation interaction than is at present available in the orthodox learning theories.

The Acquisition of an Appetite

2000 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.G. Hall ◽  
H. Moore Arnold ◽  
Kevin P. Myers
Keyword(s):  
Learning Process ◽  
Learning Experience ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Early Experience ◽  
Early Learning ◽  
Behavioral Systems ◽  
Young Rats ◽  
Appetitive Response ◽  
Appetitive Behaviors

Unlike older animals, weanling-age rats do not seek water to drink when they are dehydrated, despite the fact that a physiological sensitivity to dehydration is present very soon after birth. We demonstrate here that the appetitive behaviors needed to approach and obtain water become linked to dehydration only as a result of specific postnatal learning experience. Preventing early experience with dehydration retards the developmental emergence of dehydration-induced, water-oriented behavior in young rats. But a single pairing of water with dehydration can establish an appetitive response. These findings reveal a critical role of early learning in the development of goal-oriented behavior. Such a learning process is potentially characteristic of other behavioral systems, from the most basic appetites to complex motives.

scholarly journals Acetic acid activates distinct taste pathways in Drosophila to elicit opposing, state-dependent feeding responses

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita V. Devineni ◽  
Bei Sun ◽  
Anna Zhukovskaya ◽  
Richard Axel
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Behavioral Response ◽  
Internal State ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Potential Toxicity ◽  
State Dependent ◽  
Aversive Response ◽  
Opposing Effects ◽  
Genetically Determined ◽  
Appetitive Response

ABSTRACTTaste circuits are genetically determined to elicit an innate appetitive or aversive response, ensuring that animals consume nutritious foods and avoid the ingestion of toxins. We have examined the response of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster to acetic acid, a tastant that can be a metabolic resource but can also be toxic to the fly. Our data reveal that flies accommodate these conflicting attributes of acetic acid by virtue of a hunger-dependent switch in their behavioral response to this stimulus. Fed flies show taste aversion to acetic acid, likely a response to its potential toxicity, whereas starved flies show a robust appetitive response that may reflect their overriding need for calories. These opposing responses are mediated by two different classes of taste neurons. Acetic acid activates both the sugar and bitter pathways, which have opposing effects on feeding behavior. Hunger shifts the response from aversion to attraction by enhancing the appetitive sugar pathway as well as suppressing the aversive bitter pathway. Thus a single tastant can drive opposing behaviors by activating distinct taste pathways modulated by internal state.

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