scholarly journals Sex Differences and the Impact of Chronic Stress and Recovery on Instrumental Learning

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela L. McDowell ◽  
Kathryn M. H. Fransen ◽  
Kevin S. Elliott ◽  
Alhasan Elghouche ◽  
Polina V. Kostylev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Instrumental Learning ◽  
Response Speed ◽  
Reduced Body ◽  
Body Weight Data ◽  
Daily Body Weight ◽  
Appetitive Response ◽  
The Impact

We have previously shown that 21-day chronic restraint stress impacts instrumental learning, but overall few studies have examined sex differences on the impact of stress on learning. We further examined sex differences in response to extended 42-day chronic stress on instrumental learning, as well as recovery from chronic stress. Rats were tested in aversive training tasks with or without prior appetitive experience, and daily body weight data was collected as an index of stress. Relative to control animals, reduced body weight was maintained from day 22 through day 42 across the stress period for males, but not for females. Stressed males had increased response speed and lower learning efficiency during appetitive acquisition and aversive learning. Males overall showed slower escape shaping times and more shock exposure. In contrast, stressed females showed slower appetitive response speeds and higher appetitive and aversive efficiency but overall reduced avoidance rates during acquisition and maintenance for transfer animals and during maintenance for aversive-only animals. These tasks reveal important nuances on the effect of stress on goal-directed behavior and further highlight sexually divergent effects on appetitive versus aversive motivation. Furthermore, these data underscore that systems are temporally impacted by chronic stress in a sexually divergent pattern.

scholarly journals The Effects of Sex and Chronic Restraint on Instrumental Learning in Rats

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela L. McDowell ◽  
Kathryn M. Heath ◽  
Preston E. Garraghty
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Instrumental Learning ◽  
Transfer Task ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Appetitive Learning ◽  
Reduced Body ◽  
Body Weight Data ◽  
Daily Body Weight ◽  
Task Differences

Chronic stress has been shown to impact learning, but studies have been sparse or nonexistent examining sex or task differences. We examined the effects of sex and chronic stress on instrumental learning in adult rats. Rats were tested in an aversive paradigm with or without prior appetitive experience, and daily body weight data was collected as an index of stress. Relative to control animals, reduced body weight was maintained across the stress period for males (−7%, P≤.05) and females (−5%, P≤.05). For males, there were within-subject day-by-day differences after asymptotic transition, and all restrained males were delayed in reaching asymptotic performance. In contrast, stressed females were facilitated in appetitive and aversive-only instrumental learning but impaired during acquisition of the aversive transfer task. Males were faster than females in reaching the appetitive shaping criterion, but females were more efficient in reaching the appetitive tone-signaled criterion. Finally, an effect of task showed that while females reached aversive shaping criterion at a faster rate when they had prior appetitive learning, they were impaired in tone-signaled avoidance learning only when they had prior appetitive learning. These tasks reveal important nuances on the effect of stress and sex differences on goal-directed behavior.

scholarly journals Body Composition, Insulin Resistance and Mediators of Appetite and Energy Homeostasis in Hyperthyroidism

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A825-A825
Author(s):  
Avinash Patil ◽  
Suresh Vaikkakara ◽  
Alok Sachan ◽  
P Varma Buddharaju
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Unexpected Finding ◽  
Reduced Body ◽  
Total Body ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: Hyperthyroidism is associated with reduced body weight despite an increase in appetite; due mainly to an increase in energy production. While appetite is regulated by the balance of orexogenic and anorexogenic peripheral signals like Ghrelin and Leptin respectively, energy expenditure is profoundly influenced by thyroxine itself as well as mediators like FGF 21 and Leptin. Hyperthyroidism offers a good model to study the impact of thyroid hormones on the above mediators. Materials & Methods: 35 adult patients with overt hyperthyroidism were evaluated for leptin, ghrelin, adiponectin, FGF21 levels & insulin resistance as well as the body composition by DEXA both at baseline and a minimum of two months following normalization of serum thyroxin on carbimazole treatment. Results: Correction of hyperthyroidism was associated with an increase in body weight including both the lean body (p<0.001) and the fat mass (p<0.001), but with no change in percentage of total body fat (p=0.516). Accompanying the weight gain, there was no change in adiponectin (p=0.98), while a paradoxical decrease in insulin resistance was observed (p<0.001). Correction of hyperthyroidism was also associated with a decrease in FGF21 (p<0.001) and leptin levels (p=0.03) and an increase in ghrelin (p=0.05). Conclusion: Thyrotoxic state is associated with high leptin & FGF21 levels - both known to be thermogenic. Despite a lower weight and fat mass, thyrotoxicosis is associated with insulin resistance- possibly a direct effect of thyroxine. Ghrelin levels are low in thyrotoxicosis; which together with raised leptin is an unexpected finding, given the increased appetite observed in this condition.

Production and heart rate responses of chickens beak-trimmed at hatch or at 10 or 42 days of age

1994 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 443 ◽  
Author(s):  
PC Glatz ◽  
CA Lunam
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Heart Rate Response ◽  
Reduced Body ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Beak Trimming

Heart rate was monitored before and after beak trimming in restrained chickens to measure responses to beak trimming at hatch and at 10 and 42 days of age. Immediately after trimming chickens sham-trimmed (control) and trimmed at 10 and 42 days of age had an increase in heart rate, with the 42-day-old chickens showing the greater change. Chickens sham-trimmed and trimmed at hatch showed no change in heart rate. No difference between trimmed and sham-trimmed chickens occurred at any age for heart rate response. These data indicate that heart rate at trimming may be inadequate as a measure of the stress response associated with beak trimming, especially with the concurrent stressors of handling and restraint. Beak trimming and handling of chickens at hatch is either less stressful than trimming at 10 and 42 days of age, as indicated by the lack of a heart rate response, or heart rate is already at a maximum in chickens at hatch, due to stress associated with hatching. Food intake and body weight were measured for 3-4 weeks after trimming to assess the longer term effects of age and level of trimming on performance of the chicken. Removal of 3 mm of beak at hatch or 4.5 mm at 10 days of age depressed feeding levels and a reduced body weight, indicative of a chronic stress associated with beak trimming.

Abstract 17193: Effect of Long Term Canagliflozin Use on Body Weight and Blood Pressure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Circulation ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 138 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad S Khan ◽  
Tariq J Siddiqi ◽  
Muhammad S Usman ◽  
Muhammad M Memon ◽  
Sadiya S Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Final Analysis ◽  
Reduced Body ◽  
Body Weight Data ◽  
Chi Squared ◽  
Mean Differences ◽  
Dose Dependent

Introduction: Although Canagliflozin, an FDA-approved sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor (SGLT2i), is known to reduce body weight and blood pressure (BP) in the short-term, it is unclear whether this effect persists in the long-term. Furthermore, it remains uncertain whether the reduction in BP and body weight is dose-dependent. Objective: To conduct a meta-analysis to study the effects of long term Canagliflozin use on BP and body weight in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients and stratify the results by dosage. Methods: MEDLINE and Scopus were queried in May 2018 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of Canagliflozin that had a follow-up period of at least one year and reported change in BP and percentage change in body weight. Data from included studies were pooled using a random effects model and results were presented as weighted mean differences (WMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Subgroup analysis according to dosage (100mg/300mg) was performed. Chi-squared test was conducted to test for subgroup differences. Results: Five RCTs (N=15,230 participants) were included in the final analysis. Canagliflozin also led to significant reduction in body weight when compared to controls (WMD: -3.32% [-4.04, -2.60]; p<0.001); however, this effect was not found to be dose-dependent (p=0.76). Both systolic (WMD: -4.40 mmHg [-5.18, -3.62]; p<0.001) and diastolic (WMD: -1.68 mmHg [-2.14, -1.23]; p<0.001) BP were significantly lower with long-term canagliflozin use, when compared to placebo (Figure 1). This effect was significantly stronger in the 300mg subgroup, when compared to the 100mg subgroup for both systolic (p=0.02) and diastolic (p=0.01) BP. There was no significant change in the risk of hypotension with the use of canagliflozin (Odds ratio: 1.59 [0.80, 3.19]; p=0.19). Conclusion: Long-term Canagliflozin is associated with reduced body weight and may be one mechanism for the beneficial BP response observed . Favorable changes in body weight and BP may be responsible for improved cardiovascular outcomes in T2DM patients with Canagliflozin.

scholarly journals Profil Hematologi dan Pertambahan Bobot Badan Harian Ayam Broiler yang Diberi Cekaman Panas pada Suhu Kandang yang Berbeda

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 10-14
Author(s):  
Sugito Sugito
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Daily Body Weight ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
The Impact

The profile of hematology and broiler daily body weight gain which treated with heat stress at different cage temperatureABSTRACT. A research have been conducted to find the impact of heat stress at 3 level of cage temperature on hematology profile and broiler daily body weight gain. Sixteen broilers (strain Cobb) at the age of 20 days were randomly divided to 4 groups. First group was control group that treated without given heat stress (KL). Second, third, and fourth groups were treated with heat stress in cages with temperature, respectively 33 ± 1oC, 36 ± 1oC, and 39 ± 1oC. Heat stress was given 4 hours daily during 7 days consecutively. The result indicated that cage temperature up to 36 ± 1oC has not significantly affected hematology profile and broiler daily body weight gain. The impact of increasing temperature have been found at cage temperature of 39 ± 1oC after 7 days of treatment, which were the increasing number of leucocytes, decreasing number of erythrocytes, and decreasing of broiler daily body weight gain. The broiler of the age above 20 to 27 days that exposed heat stress during 4 hour per day in the cage temperature of 39 ± 1oC can obtain heat stress in serious level.

Sex Differences in Anxiety Disorders

2019 ◽  
pp. 404-432
Author(s):  
Teresa A. Piggott ◽  
Alexandra N. Duran ◽  
Isha Jalnapurkar ◽  
Tyler Kimm ◽  
Stephanie Linscheid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Considerable Research ◽  
Psychosocial Influences ◽  
Psychiatric Conditions ◽  
The Impact

Women are more likely than men to meet lifetime criteria for an anxiety disorder. Moreover, anxiety is a risk factor for the development of other psychiatric conditions, including major depression. Numerous studies have identified evidence of sex differences in anxiety disorders, and there is considerable research concerning factors that may contribute to vulnerability for anxiety in females. In addition to psychosocial influences, biological components such as the female reproductive hormone cycle have also been implicated. Although psychotropic medication is more likely to be prescribed to women, there is little controlled data available concerning sex differences in the efficacy and/or tolerability of pharmacotherapy in anxiety disorders. This chapter provides an overview of the impact of gender in the epidemiology, phenomenology, course, and treatment response in generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), social anxiety disorder (SAD), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), panic disorder (PD), and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

scholarly journals Body Mass, Physical Activity and Eating Habits Changes during the First COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown in Poland

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 5682
Author(s):  
Hubert Dobrowolski ◽  
Dariusz Włodarek
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
The Impact

The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic caused a number of changes in social life around the world. In response to the growing number of infections, some countries have introduced restrictions that may have resulted in the change of the lifestyle. The aim of our study was to investigate the impact of the lockdown on body weight, physical activity and some eating habits of the society. The survey involving 183 people was conducted using a proprietary questionnaire. The mean age of the study participants was 33 ± 11 and mean height 169 ± 8 cm. An average increase in body weight was observed in 49.18% by 0.63 ± 3.7 kg which was the result of a decrease in physical activity and an increase in food consumption. We also observed a decrease in PAL from 1.64 ± 0.15 to 1.58 ± 0.13 and changes in the amount of food and individual groups of products consumption, including alcohol. Among the study participants who did not lose body mass, there was an average weight gain of 2.25 ± 2.5 kg. In conclusion, an increase of weight was shown in about half of the respondents in the study group which was associated with a decrease in physical activity and an increase in the consumption of total food and high energy density products.

scholarly journals The Effect of Dietary Halloysite Supplementation on the Performance of Broiler Chickens and Broiler House Environmental Parameters

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 2040
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Nadziakiewicz ◽  
Marcin Wojciech Lis ◽  
Piotr Micek
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Daily Body Weight ◽  
Daily Water ◽  
Broiler House

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of supplementing broiler chickens’ diets with halloysite on daily body weight gain (BWG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), daily water consumption (DWC), and some broiler house hygiene parameters. The trial was conducted on 18,000 broiler chickens divided into two groups throughout the 42-day (D) rearing period. The birds were fed complete diets without (group C) or with halloysite addition (1%, group E) from D8 of rearing. No difference in the mortality rate was observed between groups C and E. Birds from group E had a tendency (0.05 < p < 0.10) towards a higher body weight at D32 and D42, a higher BWG, and a lower FCR compared to group C during the entire rearing period. Average DWC differed only in the finisher period, with a tendency towards lower overall DWC in group E. The concentration of ammonia in the air from D21 to D35 was increased more than 5-fold in group C but only 1.5-fold in group E. In conclusion, the use of halloysite as a feed additive in the diet of broiler chickens resulted in a reduction in feed consumption per unit of BWG and higher utilisation of crude protein, which led to improved environmental conditions.

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