THE ORIGINS OF THE ANDRONOVO (FEDOROVKA) POPULATION OF SOUTHWESTERN SIBERIA, BASED ON A MIDDLE BRONZE AGE CRANIAL SERIES FROM THE ALTAI FOREST-STEPPE ZONE

2010 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 122-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu.F. Kiryushin ◽  
K.N. Solodovnikov
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Southwestern Siberia ◽  
Middle Bronze Age

scholarly journals The non-ferrous metal toolkit of the Petrovka Culture of the South Trans-Urals

2021 ◽  
pp. 17-35
Author(s):  
A.D. Degtyareva
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Ferrous Metal ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
The South ◽  
River Region ◽  
Chronological Period ◽  
Steppe Belt ◽  
Middle Bronze Age ◽  
Metal Tools

The article presents data on the morphological and typological characteristics of the trade tools of the Pet-rovka Culture of the South Trans-Urals and middle Tobol River region, originating from the sites of Chelyabinsk, Kurgan, and Tyumen Regions (77 specimens in total; 126 specimens in total including knives). According to the radiocarbon dating, the chronological period of the Petrovka sites in the Southern Trans-Urals spans the 19th through 18th centuries B.C. The distribution of tools into types was based on the techniques of typological division of the artifacts, taking into account their shape, presence of certain qualitative features, as well as consideration of the geographical and cultural areal of similar articles. The produce of the Southern Trans-Urals center is repre-sented by a diverse set of metal tools and by functioning of large settlements with metallurgical specialization — Kulevchi 3, Ustye 1, and Shibaevo 1. In the typology of the tool complex of the Petrovka Culture of the Southern Trans-Urals and the Middle Pre-Tobol region, common Eurasian types dominate, being genetically associated with the centers of the Middle Bronze Age of the Circumpontian Metallurgical Province — the Late Yamnaya-Poltavkino, Catacomb Culture, and metal-producing centers of the Corded Ware Culture — Volsk-Lbische and Balanovo. A pronounced variety of the morphotypes of the tools, especially knives, is characteristic of the initial stage of ethnogenesis of the cultures of the forest-steppe and steppe zone of Eurasia during the transitional pe-riod from the MBA to the LBA. Common Eurasian types of tools are characteristic of the cultures of the 1st phase of the Eurasian (West Asian) metallurgical province of the forest-steppe and steppe belt from the Don region to the Irtysh region: Abashevo; Sintashta; Early Srubnaya (Pokrovka); Petrovka (Early Alakul). Specific groups of tools inherent in the tribes of the Petrovka Culture were revealed: axes with a massive head; medium-curved sick-les with a prominent handle; socketed spearheads without eyelets and raised ribs along the edge of the socket; forged arrowheads with a through socket; knives with a straight prominent handle — double-edged and single-edged; knives with a forged open socket. In the appearance of some types of tools among the Petrovka population of the Trans-Urals, such as forged socketed tools — chisels, knives, arrows, double-edged knives with a prominent handle, and sickles with a small curvature, the influence of the Abashevo stereotypes of production is discernible. In the meantime, sufficient data have been obtained on the direct imports or on the conjugation of types of the metal tools and weapons of the Sintashta, Petrovka, and Seima-Turbino Cultures in closed complexes.

scholarly journals 14C Chronology of Burial Grounds of the Andronovo Period (Middle Bronze Age) in Baraba Forest Steppe, Western Siberia

Radiocarbon ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 54 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 737-747 ◽  
Author(s):  
V I Molodin ◽  
Z V Marchenko ◽  
Y V Kuzmin ◽  
A E Grishin ◽  
M van Strydonck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Western Siberia ◽  
Northern Eurasia ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Cultural Complex ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Middle Bronze Age ◽  
Burial Grounds

This paper focuses on the chronology of Middle Bronze Age complexes in the Baraba forest steppe (western Siberia). Three sites were radiocarbon dated, Stary Tartas 4, Sopka 2, and Tartas 1. The Late Krotovo culture was dated to the 18–19th centuries BC, the Andronovo complex (Fedorovo stage) to the 15–18th centuries BC, and the Mixed Andronovo complex dated to the 15–17th centuries BC. These values are some 300–500 yr older than previously thought, and the new results are consistent with14C dates of the Andronovo cultural complex in northern Eurasia. Based on these data, the 15th century BC is the upper chronological limit of the Andronovo period.

Barrows in action. Late Neolithic and Middle Bronze Age Barrow Landscapes in the Upper Dniester Basin, Ukraine

2019 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-115
Author(s):  
P. Makarowicz ◽  
J. Niebieszczański ◽  
M. Cwaliński ◽  
J. Romaniszyn ◽  
V. Rud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Late Neolithic ◽  
Knowledge And Skills ◽  
Linear Pattern ◽  
The Past ◽  
Western Ukraine ◽  
Middle Bronze Age ◽  
Direction Of Movement ◽  
Cultural Code

Abstract The aim of this article is to view the spatial distribution of Upper Dniester Basin’s (Western Ukraine) barrows and to interpret their location principles. These monuments were often situated on the flattened summits of watershed ridges or hills. It appeared also that some of them were located on upper parts of gentle slopes of not more than 8° of inclination. Mounds appear within linear and group-linear arrangements and were rarely observed as clusters, while more specific adjustments to their location were dependant on local terrain morphology. Barrow alignments run along the elevated ridges, while clustered groups were situated in places where erosive indentations or denudation cavities prevented barrows from stretching in a linear pattern. It can be noted that during the spatial development of barrow alignments, more attention was paid to the intervisibility between the mounds, than to their visibility from other places in the landscape. The potential of observing at least one of the following groups of tumuli from every embankment indicates the direction of movement within the framework of the barrow landscape, perhaps augmented in the past by the presence of paths or “roads”. Examples of analogous or similar, in a certain sense even universal, practices in shaping barrow landscapes were documented also from various parts of Eurasia. Therefore, it is argued these traits were shared by all “barrow societies” and their origins can be traced to the steppe zone. Specific and repeatable patterns of barrow arrangements are a manifestation of certain knowledge and skills, transmitted over generations and immortalized in the landscape that symbolized the incorporation of territory by “barrow societies”. Characteristic mound alignments became a cultural code or institution, as it were – an instrument of familiarising previously unknown landscapes, facilitating movement and simultaneously expressing continuity of kin-lineages.

scholarly journals NEW DATA OBTAINED ON THE ARCHAEOZOOLOGY OF THE ALAKUL POPULATION FROM THE MIDDLE TOBOL AREA DRAWING ON THE EXCAVATION MATERIALS FROM THE ZOLOTOYE 1 SETTLEMENT

2019 ◽  
pp. 45-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.M. Kostomarov ◽  
I.K. Novikov ◽  
A.V. Kisagulov
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Zoological Museum ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Livestock Breeding ◽  
Taxonomic Affiliation ◽  
Bone Remains

The article presents the results of a taxonomic study of the archaeozoological collection from the Zolotoye 1 settlement. The settlement is located in the steppe zone of the Tobol-Ishim interfluve (the Polovinsky District of the Kurgan Region). A significant part of artefacts, including bone remains, belong to the Alakul culture of the Late Bronze Age (17th–16th centuries BC). A small collection (a total of 6 fragmented vessels) attributed to the Alek-seyevka-Sargary culture was also identified. The relevance of this work is determined by the fact that data on the species composition of Alakul archaeozoological collections are predominantly obtained from necropolises, whereas economic characteristics are primarily reflected by materials from the settlements. The study in question was conducted using the paleozoological method. The taxonomic affiliation of bones was determined using the reference collection of skeletons from the Zoological Museum of the Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology UB RAS along with corresponding atlases. The conclusion about the taxonomic affiliation of fossil remains was based on the similarities in composition and size between the morphological structures of bones. The age of the indi-viduals was determined by the degree of tooth abrasion and by the attachment of the pineal gland. The studied osteological collection includes 2783 items. In order to define the features of its occurrence considering species composition, a planigraphic analysis was performed. To this end, we used data collected from a digital total sta-tion and field inventories. As a result, it was found that the bone remains belong mainly to domestic animals (99.5 %). Cattle bones (47 %) predominate, followed by the bones of small cattle (34 %) and horses (18 %). Jud-ging by age characteristics, cattle were kept for the production of milk and meat. The remains of wild animals are scarce (0.5 %). They include commercial species (elk, hare, waterfowl), which indicates that the Alakul population was engaged in hunting. The comparison of domestic and wild animals, the composition of the herd from the Zolotoye 1 settlement located in the interfluve area with the archaeozoological collections of the Late Bronze Age from the forest-steppe Trans-Urals revealed their similarity, first of all, with Alakul materials originating from the layer of settlements confined to river systems. This fact reflects the general line of development in livestock breeding of the period under consideration, which suggests that the carriers of the Alakul culture developed stable forms of adaptation to different living conditions.

scholarly journals MULTILAYERED SETTLEMENT TAGANAEVO 5 IN CISURALS (PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF THE INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH)

2021 ◽  
Vol 02 (06) ◽  
pp. 117-129
Author(s):  
E.V. Ruslanov ◽  
◽  
A.A. Romanov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Department Of State ◽  
Republic Of Bashkortostan ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Historical Sites ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Middle Strata

In November 2019 the joint group of researcers from the Department of State Protection of Cultural Heritage of the Republic of Bashkortostan and the Institution of History, Language and Literature of Ufa Federal Research Center of Russian Academy of Science has conducted archaeological exploration with the aim to find new monuments of the Middle Ages in the Kushnarenkovsky district of the Republic of Bashkortostan. As a result of this exploration Taganaevo 5 settlement was discovered. Collection of materials found in the course of the test pits drilling consist of animal bones, fragments of pottery and handbuilt ceramics, clay coatening, hand forged nails, a fragment of the iron knife and a lithic core. Taganaevo 5 presents itself a multilayer site. The upper strata of its’ cultural layer refer to the ethnographic time dating back to the 19th century, middle strata contain ceramics of Bahmutino and Kushnarenkovo cultures (V-VII ) and at the lower strata have ceramics of the Srubnaya archaeological culture related to the era of the late Bronze Age and the Eneolithic (Agidel culture). Exploraion works which are aimed at finding new archaeologial sites in the forest-steppe zone of the Cis-Urals as well as the cultural and chronological attribution of these sites contribute greatly to the accomulation of a source base for an archaeological map showing resettlement of the representatives of the Agidel ceramics culture and representatives of the Srubnaya, Kushnarenkovo and Bahmutino ceramics types. As well as the location and spread of the settlements (historical sites, villages and auls) during the Modern Age.

Handles of Early Iron Age Cauldrons from Southwestern Siberia

2022 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 37-42
Author(s):  
A. P. Borodovsky
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Summer Camps ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Southwestern Siberia ◽  
European Forest

Handles of Early Iron Age bronze cauldrons from southwestern Siberia are described with reference to their ritual meaning. Typological features, such as knobs, arcuate, or square shape, are relevant for dating. Two chronological groups are established: the Tagar (second half of the 1st millennium BC) and Xiongnu-Xianbei (late 1st millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD). The interpretation of handles depends on the context. At settlements (Turunovka-4) and in certain hoards (First Dzhirim) of the Late Bronze Age, they can belong to foundry scrap. However, handles occur in long-term ritual sites such as Aidashenskaya Cave, suggesting a different interpretation. Indeed, at Eastern European forest-steppe sites of the Xiongnu era, handles of cauldrons had been intentionally buried, most often near water sources, where the summer camps of nomadic herders were situated. A similar situation is observed in southwestern Siberia, from the Baraba forest-steppe to the Middle Yenisei valley.

scholarly journals THE BURIAL OF A LOLA SMELTER IN THE STAVROPOL’ REGION

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
А.А. Калмыков ◽  
Н.Я. Березина ◽  
Ю. Грески ◽  
М.В. Добровольская ◽  
А.П. Бужилова
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Metal Working ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Deceased Person ◽  
Stavropol Region ◽  
Middle Bronze Age ◽  
Ceramic Crucible ◽  
Bone Remains

Данная работа посвящена публикации и комплексному анализу погребения мастера-литейщика лолинской культуры эпохи средней бронзы, открытого в 2012 г. в степной зоне Центрального Предкавказья, недалеко от места слияния Большого Зеленчука и Кубани (рис. 1). По результатам радиоуглеродного датирования погребение отнесено к рубежу III и II тыс. до н. э. В нем обнаружен набор орудий для металлообработки: керамические тигель-льячка и сопло, а также каменный абразив (рис. 2: 2–4; 3: 2). До помещения в могилу инструменты использовались в практических целях по своему предназначению. С применением антропологических стандартов и биоархеологических подходов были изучены костные останки индивида. Это позволило реконструировать особенности его физического развития, состояния здоровья, образа жизни и, с привлечением аналогий, подтвердить связь его прижизненной деятельности с металлообработкой. This paper presents the publication and comprehensive analysis of a smelter’s grave attributed to the Lola culture of the Middle Bronze Age discovered in the steppe zone of the Central Fore-Caucasus in 2012 not far from the confluence of the Bolshoy Zelenchuk and the Kuban’ Rivers (fig. 1). The radiocarbon dates put this burial around the transition period from the 1st to the 2nd millennia BC. It revealed a set of tools for metal working such as a ceramic crucible/clay ladle as well as a stone abrasive (fig. 2, 2–4; 3, 2). Before the tools were placed into the grave, they had been used for intended purposes. Bone remains of the deceased person were studied with the use of anthropological standards and bioarchaeological approaches. It helped reconstruct specific features of the physical development of the deceased person, his health conditions, his lifestyle and, drawing on analogies, confirm that his life activity was related to metal working.

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