No evidence of differences in smoking levels, nicotine dependence, carbon monoxide or motivational indices between cigarette smokers and cigarette + e-cigarette dual users in two samples

2021 ◽  
Vol 112 ◽  
pp. 106543
Author(s):  
Alba González-Roz ◽  
James MacKillop
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Nicotine Dependence ◽  
Cigarette Smokers ◽  
Two Samples

scholarly journals Predictors of Nicotine Dependence among Adult Male Midwakh and Cigarette Smokers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shatah Al Sharbatti ◽  
Rizwana B. Shaikh ◽  
Jayadevan Sreedharan ◽  
Jayakumary Muttappallymyalil ◽  
Michael Weizman
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Nicotine Dependence ◽  
United Arab Emirates ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Sampling Strategy ◽  
Exhaled Breath ◽  
Addictive Behaviors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cigarette Smokers

Objectives: Midwakh is a popular form of smoking in the Middle East. This study aimed to assess predictors of nicotine dependence among exclusive cigarette and midwakh smokers in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from September to December 2015 in Ajman, UAE. A convenience sampling strategy was used to recruit adult male smokers aged ≥18 years who exclusively smoked either cigarettes or midwakh. A validated self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data from the participants, with nicotine dependence assessed using the Modified Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence. In addition, testing was performed to determine levels of salivary cotinine and exhaled breath carbon monoxide (CO). Results: A total of 88 adult male smokers were included in the study, of which 40 (45.5%) were cigarette smokers and 48 (54.5%) smoked midwakh. Most participants were 26–35 years of age (48.9%), followed by 18–25 years (30.7%) and ≥35 years (20.5%). Use of midwakh was associated with a more than three-fold increase in the risk of moderate to high nicotine dependence in comparison with cigarette smoking. Moreover, for each unit increase in CO level, there was a 10% increase in the risk of nicotine dependency. There was also a significant association between nicotine dependence level and depth of inhalation (P = 0.023).  Conclusion: Type of smoking and CO levels were found to be significant predictors of nicotine dependence among adult male smokers. In particular, greater dependency was observed among midwakh smokers compared to those who smoked cigarettes. Keywords: Tobacco Use; Cigarette Smoking; Addictive Behaviors; Nicotine; Risk Assessment; Carbon Monoxide; Cotinine; United Arab Emirates.

scholarly journals Characteristics of Adult Cigarette Smokers Who “Relight” and the Effects of Exposure to Tobacco Smoke Constituents

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 1206-1212
Author(s):  
Sophia I Allen ◽  
Emily Wasserman ◽  
Susan Veldheer ◽  
Jessica Yingst ◽  
Shari Hrabovsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Nicotine Dependence ◽  
Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Cigarette Smokers ◽  
Biomarkers Of Exposure ◽  
Smoking Behaviors ◽  
History Of ◽  
Plasma Cotinine ◽  
Exhaled Carbon Monoxide

AbstractIntroductionAbout half of smokers relight their cigarette, a habit that is a risk factor for chronic bronchitis and possibly lung cancer. Little is known about the characteristics of smokers who relight and their dependence on nicotine. It is unknown whether relighting affects exposure to tobacco smoke constituents. This study examined the characteristics of relighters of usual brand cigarettes and whether relighting affects exposure to selected tobacco smoke constituents.MethodsWe explored relighting status and frequency, using baseline data from 248 adult smokers participating in studies of reduced nicotine cigarettes in relation to demographic and cigarette characteristics, smoking behaviors, nicotine dependence, biomarkers of exposure (exhaled carbon monoxide, blood cotinine), and biomarkers of oxidative stress (ratio of oxidized/reduced glutathione).Results69.4% (n = 172) of subjects reported relighting, and they relit an average of five cigarettes out of 20. Both relighters and non-relighters smoked a mean of 20 cigarettes per day (p = .6). Relighting was significantly associated with higher nicotine dependence, use of longer rod cigarettes, older age, lower income, and unemployment. There were no significant associations between relighting and blood cotinine, exhaled carbon monoxide or measures of oxidized/reduced blood glutathione.ConclusionsThe majority of subjects were relighters, who had higher levels of nicotine dependence than non-relighters. Relighters had similar levels of plasma cotinine and exhaled carbon monoxide to non-relighters.ImplicationsNo study has compared the cigarette characteristics and biomarkers of exposure of adult cigarette smokers who relight with those who do not. Relighting behavior was common in our sample and was associated with low income, not currently working, higher nicotine dependence, cigarette rod length, daily cigarette use years, and a lifetime history of depressed mood.

Clarifying the Genetic Influences on Nicotine Dependence and Quantity of Use in Cigarette Smokers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brad Verhulst ◽  
Shaunna L. Clark ◽  
Jingchun Chen ◽  
Hermine H. Maes ◽  
Xiangning Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nicotine Dependence ◽  
Genetic Influences ◽  
Cigarette Smokers

scholarly journals Psychometric Evaluation of the E-cigarette Dependence Scale

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 1556-1564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meghan E Morean ◽  
Suchitra Krishnan-Sarin ◽  
Steve Sussman ◽  
Jonathan Foulds ◽  
Howard Fishbein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nicotine Dependence ◽  
Convergent Validity ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
Cigarette Smokers ◽  
Test Criterion ◽  
Scalar Invariant ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Current Cigarette ◽  
Dependence Scale ◽  
Cigarette Dependence

Abstract Introduction Psychometrically sound measures of e-cigarette dependence are lacking. Methods We modified the PROMIS Item Bank v1.0—Smoking: Nicotine Dependence for All Smokers for use with e-cigarettes and evaluated the psychometrics of the 22-, 8-, and 4-item adapted versions, referred to as The E-cigarette dependence scale (EDS). Adults (1009) who reported using e-cigarettes at least weekly completed an anonymous survey in summer 2016 (50.2% male, 77.1% White, mean age 35.81 [10.71], 66.4% daily e-cigarette users, 72.6% current cigarette smokers). Psychometric analyses included confirmatory factor analysis, internal consistency, measurement invariance, examination of mean-level differences, convergent validity, and test-criterion relationships with e-cigarette use outcomes. Results All EDS versions had confirmable, internally consistent latent structures that were scalar invariant by sex, race, e-cigarette use (nondaily/daily), e-liquid nicotine content (no/yes), and current cigarette smoking status (no/yes). Daily e-cigarette users, nicotine e-liquid users, and cigarette smokers reported being more dependent on e-cigarettes than their counterparts. All EDS versions correlated strongly with one another, evidenced convergent validity with the Penn State E-cigarette Dependence Index and time to first e-cigarette use in the morning, and evidenced test-criterion relationships with vaping frequency, e-liquid nicotine concentration, and e-cigarette quit attempts. Similar results were observed when analyses were conducted within subsamples of exclusive e-cigarette users and duals-users of cigarettes and e-cigarettes. Conclusions Each EDS version evidenced strong psychometric properties for assessing e-cigarette dependence in adults who either use e-cigarette exclusively or who are dual-users of cigarettes and e-cigarettes. However, results indicated little benefit of the longer versions over the 4-item EDS, which provides an efficient assessment of e-cigarette dependence. Implications The availability of the novel, psychometrically sound EDS can further research on a wide range of questions related to e-cigarette use and dependence. In addition, the overlap between the EDS and the original PROMIS that was developed for assessing nicotine dependence to cigarettes provides consistency within the field.

scholarly journals Real-World Evidence of Differences in Biomarkers of Exposure to Select Harmful and Potentially Harmful Constituents and Biomarkers of Potential Harm Between Adult E-Vapor Users and Adult Cigarette Smokers

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 1114-1122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas Oliveri ◽  
Qiwei Liang ◽  
Mohamadi Sarkar
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Real World ◽  
Cigarette Smokers ◽  
Potential Harm ◽  
Biomarkers Of Exposure ◽  
Real World Evidence ◽  
Actual Use ◽  
Lower Health

Abstract Introduction Real-world evidence regarding likely long-term health effects of e-vapor products (EVP) under actual use conditions relative to cigarette smoking is not well studied. Methods In this cross-sectional, observational study, biomarkers of exposure (BOE) to select harmful and potentially harmful constituents and biomarkers of potential harm (BOPH) relevant to smoking-related diseases were measured in exclusive adult EVP users (AEVP, n = 144) and exclusive adult cigarette smokers (AS, n = 73). AEVP used their own brand of EVP for 6+ months following 10+ years of cigarette smoking and AS smoked own brand of cigarettes for 10+ years. Subject recruitment and informed consent were obtained online and urine/blood samples were collected at local clinical laboratories, representing a new paradigm for collecting real-world evidence. Results The levels of total NNAL (NNK metabolite), 3-hydroxypropyl mercapturic acid (acrolein metabolite), and carboxyhemoglobin (carbon monoxide measure) were 46% to 86% lower in AEVP compared with AS (p ≤ .0001) as was nicotine equivalents (nicotine and its five metabolites; 36%, p < .01). The levels of some BOPH were significantly lower in AEVP compared with AS for 11-dehydrothromboxane-B2 (29%, p = .04; platelet activation), 8-epi-prostaglandin F2α (23%, p = .02; oxidative stress) and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (16%, p = .02; endothelial function). Conclusions This study demonstrates the feasibility of a new approach for collecting real-world evidence. Substantially lower levels of BOEs (NNK, nicotine, acrolein, carbon monoxide) and favorable differences in BOPHs (platelet activation, oxidative stress, endothelial function) suggest EVP users may have lower health risks than cigarette smokers. Implications Cigarette smoking causes serious diseases. Switching from a combustible tobacco product to a noncombustible product is a potential harm reduction pathway for adult smokers unable or unwilling to quit. Real-world evidence regarding the relative risk of EVP use compared with cigarettes is not well established. This study provides data specific to BOE to tobacco smoke constituents and biomarkers of potential harm collected under actual use conditions in a real-world setting. The totality of evidence suggests that exclusive EVP use may present lower health risk compared with smoking cigarettes.

Comparison of the Heavy Smoking Index and of the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence in a sample of 749 cigarette smokers

2005 ◽  
Vol 30 (7) ◽  
pp. 1474-1477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henri Chabrol ◽  
Michel Niezborala ◽  
Evelyne Chastan ◽  
Jose de Leon
Keyword(s):  
Nicotine Dependence ◽  
Cigarette Smokers ◽  
Heavy Smoking ◽  
Smoking Index
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