A combination of exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) measurement and the Fagerstr�m Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) is recommended to complete information on smoking rates in population-based surveys

2000 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 226-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernest Groman ◽  
Peter Bayer
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Nicotine Dependence ◽  
Complete Information ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Exhaled Carbon Monoxide

scholarly journals Effects of Menthol Flavor Cigarettes or Total Urinary Menthol on Biomarkers of Nicotine and Carcinogenic Exposure and Behavioral Measures

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 1189-1197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Ahijevych ◽  
Laura A Szalacha ◽  
Alai Tan
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Nicotine Dependence ◽  
Predictive Biomarker ◽  
Behavioral Measures ◽  
Plasma Nicotine ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Plasma Cotinine ◽  
Exhaled Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Type Interaction

AbstractIntroductionThe effects of either menthol flavor cigarettes or total urinary menthol on nicotine dependence, biomarkers of addictive and carcinogenic exposure, and behavioral measures may inform differences and similarities of these two approaches.MethodsStratified recruitment by cigarette (menthol flavor or regular) and race (African American and white) yielded a balanced sample of 136 adult smokers in a 36-hour inpatient protocol. Exposure measures assessed during 24-hour data collection included urinary menthol, total NNAL [4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol], 10 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites, baseline plasma cotinine, plasma nicotine pre- and post-smoking, exhaled carbon monoxide pre- and post-smoking, and cigarette puff volumes. The latter three were measured at four specified timepoints throughout the day.ResultsThere were no significant differences between menthol flavor and regular cigarette smokers in measures of nicotine dependence, biomarkers of addictive and carcinogenic exposures, or behavioral measures. Significant race × cigarette type interaction effects were found for two biomarkers: plasma nicotine and 3-hydroxyphenanthrene. Total urinary menthol was significantly associated with higher levels of nearly all dependent variables including puff volume, exhaled carbon monoxide, plasma nicotine and cotinine, NNAL, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The significant effects of total urinary menthol were sustained after adjusting for menthol flavor and regular cigarette type and other covariates (eg, number of cigarettes per day, baseline cotinine, and baseline nicotine).ConclusionsUrinary menthol is an independent predictive biomarker for nicotine dependence, addictive and carcinogenic exposure, and behaviors.ImplicationsComparison of the effects of menthol flavor and total urinary menthol on nicotine dependence, biomarkers of addictive and carcinogenic exposure, and behavioral measures emphasizes the important significant contribution of total urinary menthol concentrations in contrast to no significant associations by dichotomous cigarette type with these biomarkers.

scholarly journals Assessment of the correlations between nicotine dependence, exhaled carbon monoxide levels and oral hygiene status: an observational study

2017 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minodora Moga ◽  
Adina Bianca Bosca ◽  
Cosmina Ioana Bondor ◽  
Aranka Ilea ◽  
Ondine Patricia Lucaciu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
Nicotine Dependence ◽  
Oral Hygiene ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Gingival Inflammation ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Exhaled Carbon Monoxide

Background and aims. Cigarette smoking has negative effects on general health, including oral health. The aim of our study was to assess the correlations between nicotine dependence, exhaled carbon monoxide levels and oral hygiene status.Methods. Smoker and non-smoker participants were enrolled in this observational study. The Fagerström test was used to classify nicotine dependences: low (score: 0-3), medium (score: 4-6) or high (score: 7-10). The oral hygiene status was classified according to the oral hygiene indices of plaque, calculus and gingival inflammation. Lastly, the exhaled carbon monoxide levels were measured with a MicroSmokelyzer (Bedfont Scientific Ltd., Kent, United Kingdom).Results. Sixty five participants (50 smokers in the study group and 15 non-smokers in the control group) were enrolled between 11th and 29th of January 2016. No statistical differences were observed between the study group and the control group in terms of age (mean age±SD 23.5±1.9 and 24.0±1.5, respectively) or gender (50% and 26.6%, respectively). A statistically significant difference was observed between the 2 groups in terms of plaque, (p=0.036), calculus (p=0.001) and gingival indices (p<0.001). A positive correlation was found between the exhaled levels of carbon monoxide and the general Fagerström score (r=0.97, p<0.001) or the Fagerström score in smokers (r=0.93, p<0.001); a negative correlation was observed between the exhaled carbon monoxide levels and the number of tooth brushings daily (r=–0.41, p=0.001). The plaque index was statistically significantly associated with the exhaled carbon monoxide levels (p=0.008), general Fagerström score (p=0.016) and number of tooth brushings daily (p<0.001). The calculus and gingival indices were statistically significantly associated with the exhaled carbon monoxide levels (p<0.001), general Fagerström score (p<0.001) and score in smoker participants (p=0.029 and p=0.001, respectively) as well as the number of tooth brushings daily (p<0.001).Conclusions. Our study found a significant association between the plaque, calculus and gingival indices and smoking. Moreover, nicotine dependence was significantly associated with the number of daily tooth brushings and the gingival index.

scholarly journals Characteristics of Adult Cigarette Smokers Who “Relight” and the Effects of Exposure to Tobacco Smoke Constituents

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 1206-1212
Author(s):  
Sophia I Allen ◽  
Emily Wasserman ◽  
Susan Veldheer ◽  
Jessica Yingst ◽  
Shari Hrabovsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Nicotine Dependence ◽  
Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Cigarette Smokers ◽  
Biomarkers Of Exposure ◽  
Smoking Behaviors ◽  
History Of ◽  
Plasma Cotinine ◽  
Exhaled Carbon Monoxide

AbstractIntroductionAbout half of smokers relight their cigarette, a habit that is a risk factor for chronic bronchitis and possibly lung cancer. Little is known about the characteristics of smokers who relight and their dependence on nicotine. It is unknown whether relighting affects exposure to tobacco smoke constituents. This study examined the characteristics of relighters of usual brand cigarettes and whether relighting affects exposure to selected tobacco smoke constituents.MethodsWe explored relighting status and frequency, using baseline data from 248 adult smokers participating in studies of reduced nicotine cigarettes in relation to demographic and cigarette characteristics, smoking behaviors, nicotine dependence, biomarkers of exposure (exhaled carbon monoxide, blood cotinine), and biomarkers of oxidative stress (ratio of oxidized/reduced glutathione).Results69.4% (n = 172) of subjects reported relighting, and they relit an average of five cigarettes out of 20. Both relighters and non-relighters smoked a mean of 20 cigarettes per day (p = .6). Relighting was significantly associated with higher nicotine dependence, use of longer rod cigarettes, older age, lower income, and unemployment. There were no significant associations between relighting and blood cotinine, exhaled carbon monoxide or measures of oxidized/reduced blood glutathione.ConclusionsThe majority of subjects were relighters, who had higher levels of nicotine dependence than non-relighters. Relighters had similar levels of plasma cotinine and exhaled carbon monoxide to non-relighters.ImplicationsNo study has compared the cigarette characteristics and biomarkers of exposure of adult cigarette smokers who relight with those who do not. Relighting behavior was common in our sample and was associated with low income, not currently working, higher nicotine dependence, cigarette rod length, daily cigarette use years, and a lifetime history of depressed mood.

The Effects of Auricular Acupressure on Smoking Cessation for Male College Students

2016 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 374-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinae Lee ◽  
Hyojung Park
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Nicotine Dependence ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Auricular Acupressure ◽  
Male College ◽  
Exhaled Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Male College Students

The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of auricular acupressure for smoking cessation on male college students. The experimental group ( n = 27) received auricular acupressure on specific acupoints for smoking cessation, whereas the control group ( n = 26) received sham auricular acupressure on nonspecific acupoints. Participants received 6 weeks of auricular acupressure intervention. For the experimental group, auricular acupressure was applied to the shenmen, lung, subcortex, hunger, stomach, and mouth. The data of nicotine dependence, self-efficacy for smoking cessation, and exhaled carbon monoxide were collected for both group 3 times: before intervention, after 3 weeks of the intervention, and after 6 weeks of the intervention. Statistical differences between the two groups from pretest to posttest emerged in self-efficacy for smoking cessation ( p = .048) and exhaled carbon monoxide ( p < .001), but not for nicotine dependence.

scholarly journals Exhaled carbon monoxide is a marker of heavy nicotine dependence

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 1677-1681 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elif BABAOĞLU ◽  
Ayşegül KARALEZLİ ◽  
Mükremin ER ◽  
Hatice Canan HASANOĞLU ◽  
Derya ÖZTUNA
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Nicotine Dependence ◽  
Exhaled Carbon Monoxide

Comparison of a preferred versus non-preferred waterpipe tobacco flavour: subjective experience, smoking behaviour and toxicant exposure

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleanor L Leavens ◽  
Leslie M Driskill ◽  
Neil Molina ◽  
Thomas Eissenberg ◽  
Alan Shihadeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Smoking Behaviour ◽  
Toxicant Exposure ◽  
P Values ◽  
Smoking Topography ◽  
Exhaled Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Continued Use ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Survey Questionnaires

IntroductionOne possible reason for the rapid proliferation of waterpipe (WP) smoking is the pervasive use of flavoured WP tobacco. To begin to understand the impact of WP tobacco flavours, the current study examined the impact of a preferred WP tobacco flavour compared with a non-preferred tobacco flavoured control on user’s smoking behaviour, toxicant exposure and subjective smoking experience.MethodThirty-six current WP smokers completed two, 45-minute ad libitum smoking sessions (preferred flavour vs non-preferred tobacco flavour control) in a randomised cross-over design. Participants completed survey questionnaires assessing subjective smoking experience, exhaled carbon monoxide (eCO) testing, and provided blood samples for monitoring plasma nicotine. WP smoking topography was measured continuously throughout the smoking session.ResultsWhile participants reported an enhanced subjective smoking experience including greater interest in continued use, greater pleasure derived from smoking, increased liking and enjoyment, and willingness to continue use after smoking their preferred WP tobacco flavour (p values <0.05), no significant differences were observed in nicotine and carbon monoxide boost between flavour preparations. Greater average puff volume (p=0.018) was observed during the non-preferred flavour session. While not significant, measures of flow rate, interpuff interval (IPI), and total number of puffs were trending towards significance (p values <0.10), with decreased IPI and greater total number of puffs during the preferred flavour session.DiscussionThe current study is the first to examine flavours in WP smoking by measuring preferred versus control preparations to understand the impact on subjective experience, smoking behaviour and toxicant exposure. The pattern of results suggests that even this relatively minor manipulation resulted in significant changes in subjective experience. These results indicate a possible need for regulations restricting flavours in WP tobacco as with combustible cigarettes.

scholarly journals Pictorial health warning labels on the waterpipe device are effective in reducing smoking satisfaction, puffing behaviour and exposure to CO: first evidence from a crossover clinical laboratory study

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (e1) ◽  
pp. e37-e42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wasim Maziak ◽  
Ziyad Ben Taleb ◽  
Mohammad Ebrahimi Kalan ◽  
Thomas Eissenberg ◽  
James Thrasher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Warning Labels ◽  
Health Warning ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Regulatory Approach ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Exhaled Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Positive Experiences ◽  
Harmful Effects

ObjectivesThis study examined the effect of pictorial health warning labels (HWLs) on the waterpipe (WP) device on smokers’ experience, puffing behaviour, harm perception and exposure to respiratory toxicants.MethodsThirty WP smokers completed two 45 min ad libitum smoking sessions (WP without HWL vs WP with HWL) in a crossover design study. Exhaled carbon monoxide (eCO) was measured before and after each smoking session. Puff topography was recorded throughout the smoking session, and participants completed survey questionnaires assessing subjective smoking experiences and harm perception.ResultsSignificant differences were observed in eCO levels between the two study conditions, with lower levels of eCO boost recorded following smoking the WP fitted with HWL (16 ppm) compared with WP without HWL (22.7 ppm). Participants had more puffs, shorter interpuff intervals and a higher total puff volume during smoking the WP without HWL relative to WP with HWL (p values <0.05). We documented enhanced reports of satisfaction, taste and puff liking following smoking the WP without HWL compared with the WP with HWL. WP harm perception was significantly higher among participants after smoking the WP with HWL compared with WP without HWL.ConclusionThis pilot study shows that placing HWL on the WP device is effective in reducing WP smoker’s positive experiences, puffing parameters and exposure to carbon monoxide. HWLs lead also to more appreciation of WP harmful effects, making them a promising regulatory approach for addressing the spread of WP smoking among young adults in the USA.

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