Condition of Scots pine fine roots and mycorrhiza after fungicide application and low-level ozone exposure in a 2-year field experiment

Trees ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 347 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.-M. Manninen ◽  
Tarja Laatikainen ◽  
Toini Holopainen
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Fine Roots ◽  
Ozone Exposure ◽  
Fungicide Application ◽  
Low Level

The role of low-level ozone exposure and mycorrhizas in chemical quality and insect herbivore performance on Scots pine seedlings

2000 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne-Marja Manninen ◽  
Toini Holopainen ◽  
Päivi Lyytikäinen-Saarenmaa ◽  
Jarmo K. Holopainen
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Ozone Exposure ◽  
Insect Herbivore ◽  
Chemical Quality ◽  
Herbivore Performance ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Pine Seedlings

LOW-LEVEL FEEDING OF TROLENE FOR CONTROL OF THE CATTLE GRUBS HYPODERMA LINEATUM (DE VILL.) AND H. BOVIS (L.)

1959 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Weintraub ◽  
C. O. M. Thompson ◽  
M. C. Qually
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Single Treatment ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Hypoderma Lineatum ◽  
The Third ◽  
Full Effect ◽  
Cent Mortality

Calves were fed individually for 18 days on a ration of crushed oats treated with Trolene to give a daily dosage of 10 mg./kg. This treatment produced 94 per cent mortality of pre-hypodermal cattle grubs. This was not significantly different from 97 per cent mortality obtained with a single treatment by boluses at 100 mg./kg. The low-level treatment had no effect on the mortality of the pre-hypodermal grubs during the first week of treatment but reached its full effect before the beginning of the third week. Of the hypodermal grubs present at the time of treatment, 94 per cent died and the remainder pupated. The only symptom of toxicity observed was mild diarrhoea in the low-level-treated calves.In a field experiment, two groups of calves that had consumed treated range blocks daily at averages of 7.7 and 4.2 mg. Trolene/kg. for 93 and 64 days showed 95 and 88 per cent mortality, respectively, of the pre-hypodermal grubs. By comparison, another group of calves, treated with boluses at 110 mg. Trolene/kg., showed 80 per cent mortality. The average number of grubs surviving the three treatments were significantly different from each other and from the untreated controls (P <.01). All treatments were begun before hypodermal grubs had appeared. No symptoms of toxicity were seen in the calves of the two low-level-treated groups; ataxia of the hindquarters was observed in the bolus-treated calves on the day following treatment, but these symptoms disappeared on the same day without the use of an antidote.

scholarly journals Scots pine fine roots adjust along a 2000-km latitudinal climatic gradient

2016 ◽  
Vol 212 (2) ◽  
pp. 389-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcin Zadworny ◽  
M. Luke McCormack ◽  
Joanna Mucha ◽  
Peter B. Reich ◽  
Jacek Oleksyn
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Fine Roots ◽  
Climatic Gradient

The responses of shoot-root-rhizosphere continuum to simultaneous fertilizer addition, warming, ozone and herbivory in young Scots pine seedlings in a high latitude field experiment

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 ◽  
pp. 279-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Usman Rasheed ◽  
Anne Kasurinen ◽  
Minna Kivimäenpää ◽  
Rajendra Ghimire ◽  
Elina Häikiö ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
High Latitude ◽  
Pine Seedlings

Terpenoids in the wood of Scots pine and Norway spruce seedlings exposed to ozone at different nitrogen availability

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (12) ◽  
pp. 2140-2145 ◽  
Author(s):  
A -M Manninen ◽  
J Utriainen ◽  
T Holopainen ◽  
P Kainulainen
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Nitrogen Availability ◽  
Secondary Compounds ◽  
Resin Acids ◽  
Ozone Exposure ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Air Exposure ◽  
Exposure System ◽  
Carbon Based

Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) seedlings were exposed to low-level ozone (O3) in an open-air exposure system for three or two growing seasons, respectively. Simultaneously, seedlings were supplied with nutrient solution containing either optimum (control) nitrogen (N), 70% of optimum N (low N availability), or 150% of optimum N (high N availability). Carbon-based secondary compounds, e.g., terpenes and resin acids, were analysed from the stemwood. α-Pinene, 3-carene, and limonene + β-phellandrene were the major terpenes in pine wood, whereas α-pinene, β-pinene, and limonene + β-phellandrene dominated in the spruce wood. Palustric + levopimaric and abietic acids were the major resin acids in the wood of both species. Ozone exposure did not cause any remarkable changes in the concentrations and proportional quantities of terpenes and resin acids in the wood of either tree species. Nitrogen availability did not affect the concentrations of carbon-based secondary compounds either, and the effects on proportional quantities were slight and ambiguous with respect to N supply. We conclude that realistically elevated levels of O3 do not have effects on concentrations of carbon-based secondary compounds of conifer wood and N availability might cause only slight changes in them. Therefore, our results do not directly support the carbon–nutrient balance hypothesis.

Dynamics of fine-root production and mortality of Scots pine in waterlogged peat soil during the growing season

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 510-518
Author(s):  
Tapani Repo ◽  
Timo Domisch ◽  
Jouni Kilpeläinen ◽  
Sirpa Piirainen ◽  
Raimo Silvennoinen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Fine Roots ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Peat Soil ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Root Production ◽  
Fine Root Length

Excess water in the rooting zone critically reduces tree growth and may even kill trees; however, the relative importance of damage to roots versus aboveground parts and the time course of damage are not well understood. We studied the dynamics of fine-root growth and mortality of 7-year-old Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) saplings affected by a 5-week period of waterlogging (WL) during the growing season. Two out of six WL-exposed saplings survived the treatment. After 1–2 weeks of WL, the mortality of the first-order short roots (usually mycorrhizas) started to increase and the production of these roots started to decrease. WL decreased the longevity of short and long roots. Total root length (especially of fine roots with a diameter < 0.5 mm), specific fine-root length, total root dry mass (including stump), and reverse-flow root hydraulic conductance were lower in WL saplings than in control saplings at the end of the experiment; however, several root traits were similar in control and surviving WL saplings. Because of the high importance of fine roots for tree growth and carbon sequestration, their responses to elevated water tables should be considered in sustainable use and management of boreal peatland forests, for example, by continuous cover forestry and (or) ditch network maintenance.

PROLONGED EXERCISE DURING LOW LEVEL OZONE EXPOSURE

1989 ◽  
Vol 21 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. S73
Author(s):  
L. J. Folinsbee ◽  
D. H. Horstman ◽  
W. F. McDonnell
Keyword(s):  
Prolonged Exercise ◽  
Ozone Exposure ◽  
Low Level

scholarly journals Optimal background matching camouflage

2017 ◽  
Vol 284 (1858) ◽  
pp. 20170709 ◽  
Author(s):  
Constantine Michalis ◽  
Nicholas E. Scott-Samuel ◽  
David P. Gibson ◽  
Innes C. Cuthill
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Bird Predation ◽  
Computer Screen ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Background Matching ◽  
Analogous Data ◽  
Statistical Sense ◽  
Predator Learning ◽  
Homogeneous Environment

Background matching is the most familiar and widespread camouflage strategy: avoiding detection by having a similar colour and pattern to the background. Optimizing background matching is straightforward in a homogeneous environment, or when the habitat has very distinct sub-types and there is divergent selection leading to polymorphism. However, most backgrounds have continuous variation in colour and texture, so what is the best solution? Not all samples of the background are likely to be equally inconspicuous, and laboratory experiments on birds and humans support this view. Theory suggests that the most probable background sample (in the statistical sense), at the size of the prey, would, on average, be the most cryptic. We present an analysis, based on realistic assumptions about low-level vision, that estimates the distribution of background colours and visual textures, and predicts the best camouflage. We present data from a field experiment that tests and supports our predictions, using artificial moth-like targets under bird predation. Additionally, we present analogous data for humans, under tightly controlled viewing conditions, searching for targets on a computer screen. These data show that, in the absence of predator learning, the best single camouflage pattern for heterogeneous backgrounds is the most probable sample.

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