LOW-LEVEL FEEDING OF TROLENE FOR CONTROL OF THE CATTLE GRUBS HYPODERMA LINEATUM (DE VILL.) AND H. BOVIS (L.)

1959 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Weintraub ◽  
C. O. M. Thompson ◽  
M. C. Qually
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Single Treatment ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Hypoderma Lineatum ◽  
The Third ◽  
Full Effect ◽  
Cent Mortality

Calves were fed individually for 18 days on a ration of crushed oats treated with Trolene to give a daily dosage of 10 mg./kg. This treatment produced 94 per cent mortality of pre-hypodermal cattle grubs. This was not significantly different from 97 per cent mortality obtained with a single treatment by boluses at 100 mg./kg. The low-level treatment had no effect on the mortality of the pre-hypodermal grubs during the first week of treatment but reached its full effect before the beginning of the third week. Of the hypodermal grubs present at the time of treatment, 94 per cent died and the remainder pupated. The only symptom of toxicity observed was mild diarrhoea in the low-level-treated calves.In a field experiment, two groups of calves that had consumed treated range blocks daily at averages of 7.7 and 4.2 mg. Trolene/kg. for 93 and 64 days showed 95 and 88 per cent mortality, respectively, of the pre-hypodermal grubs. By comparison, another group of calves, treated with boluses at 110 mg. Trolene/kg., showed 80 per cent mortality. The average number of grubs surviving the three treatments were significantly different from each other and from the untreated controls (P <.01). All treatments were begun before hypodermal grubs had appeared. No symptoms of toxicity were seen in the calves of the two low-level-treated groups; ataxia of the hindquarters was observed in the bolus-treated calves on the day following treatment, but these symptoms disappeared on the same day without the use of an antidote.

scholarly journals TIMING THE TREATMENT OF CATTLE WITH TROLENE FOR SYSTEMIC CONTROL OF THE CATTLE GRUBS HYPODERMA LINEATUM (DE VILL.) AND H. BOVIS (L.) IN ALBERTA AND BRITISH COLUMBIA

1959 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Weintraub ◽  
G. B. Rich ◽  
C. O. M. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Oral Treatment ◽  
Hypoderma Lineatum ◽  
The Third ◽  
Systemic Control ◽  
Early Autumn ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Cent Mortality ◽  
Early Damage

Experiments on timing the oral treatment of calves for cattle grub control with Trolene at 100 mg./kg. were carried out on ranches near Lethbridge, Alberta, and Kamloops, British Columbia. Groups of 30 and 25 calves, respectively, were treated in November, January, March, and April at Lethbridge and in December, January, February, and March at Kamloops.Control of the pre-hypodermal grubs was equally effective on the first three treatment dates, varying from 94 to 98 per cent mortality. However, variations in the numbers of grubs precluded stating the mortality more precisely than within a range of 95 to 100 per cent at Lethbridge and 89 to 100 at Kamloops.There was no significant difference in mortality between the two species of cattle grubs. However, the third hypodermal instar larvae of both species were less affected by the treatment (P <.01) than those of the preceding instars. Early autumn treatments are recommended to avoid the presence of third-instar larvae and to forestall early damage caused by the hypodermal grubs.Slight symptoms of toxicity, in the form of lethargy and reduced food consumption at Kamloops and ataxia of the hindquarters at Lethbridge, were observed in the calves treated in December and January, respectively. The symptoms disappeared within 48 hours of treatment without the use of antidotes at either locality. The level of treatment used in this study was lower than that reported in the literature to produce first symptoms of toxicity.

Epistemic self-esteem of philosophers in the face of philosophical disagreement

Human Affairs ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 328-342
Author(s):  
László Bernáth ◽  
János Tőzsér
Keyword(s):  
Self Esteem ◽  
Moderate Level ◽  
Significant Extent ◽  
Fourth Section ◽  
Philosophical Beliefs ◽  
Low Level ◽  
The Third ◽  
Epistemic Peers ◽  
The Face ◽  
And Performance

AbstractOur paper consists of four parts. In the first part, we describe the challenge of the pervasive and permanent philosophical disagreement over philosophers’ epistemic self-esteem. In the second part, we investigate the attitude of philosophers who have high epistemic self-esteem even in the face of philosophical disagreement and who believe they have well-grounded philosophical knowledge. In the third section, we focus on the attitude of philosophers who maintain a moderate level of epistemic self-esteem because they do not attribute substantive philosophical knowledge to themselves but still believe that they have epistemic right to defend substantive philosophical beliefs. In the fourth section, we analyse the attitude of philosophers who have a low level of epistemic self-esteem in relation to substantive philosophical beliefs and make no attempt to defend those beliefs. We argue that when faced with philosophical disagreement philosophers either have to deny that the dissenting philosophers are their epistemic peers or have to admit that doing philosophy is less meaningful than it seemed before. In this second case, philosophical activity and performance should not contribute to the philosophers’ overall epistemic self-esteem to any significant extent.

Clusterization of post-communist countries of the Central and Eastern Europe by income inequality level

2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (5) ◽  
pp. 41-52
Author(s):  
T. Cherkashyna
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
National Income ◽  
Analysis Tool ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Low Level ◽  
The Third ◽  
High Level ◽  
Communist Countries

Using level of income inequality, the clustering of post-communist countries of the Central and Eastern Europe is carried out by the following indicators: Gini index, share in the national income of the second quintile group, share in the national income of the third quintile group, share in the national income of the fourth quintile group, share in the national income of 10% of the poorest, share in the national income of 20% of the richest.,Сluster analysis (k-means method), in the programming environment Statistica is used as analysis tool and five clusters are obtained. The first cluster includes 8 countries (Albania, Hungary, Poland, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Czech Republic, Сroatia, Russia, Slovakia) is characterized by sufficiently low level of income inequality and can be explained by flow of foreign investment and business transnationalization contributing to the increase of incomes of the main population groups of these countries. The second cluster includes 4 countries (Belarus, Slovenia, Ukraine, Moldova) and is characterized by comparatively low level of income inequality, but high level of property inequality due to heredity, аccumulated wealth та concentration of physical and financial capital by so called «oligarchic clans». The third cluster includes 5 countries (Bulgaria, Montenegro, Macedonia, Romania, Serbia) and is characterized by medium level of income inequality. The fourth and fifth clusters include so called «Baltic tigers» (Latvia, Lihuania, Estonia) and is characterized by high level of income inequality as the result of the occurrence of «excess profits» of financial assets owners. In order to decrease the income inequality in the investigated countries, the following measures are proposed: for the countries of the first cluster to accelerate deconcentration of capital ownership by «spaying» (redemption) of privatized enterprises shares by all categories on preferential terms (so called «ESOP programs»); for the countries of the second cluster to implement progressive tax scale where the tax rate for different groups of population vary depending on the income received and citizens with the lowest incomes (at the level of subsistence minimum or minimum wage) do not pay individual taxes at all; for the countries of the third cluster to cope with «shadow» economy and informal unemployment; for the counties of the fourth and fifth clusters to decrease tax burden on private entrepreneurs and thus stimulate self-employment.

scholarly journals Fattening indicators of young rabbits when feeding Prebiolact-Kr

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (95) ◽  
pp. 96-100
Author(s):  
O. B. Tsyhanchuk
Keyword(s):  
Control Group ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
State Certification ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Fattening Performance ◽  
The Third ◽  
Rabbit Population ◽  
Rabbit Meat ◽  
Holding Back

Measures to increase production are used to address the issue of providing the population with food. During the peak of the industry (1975–1985), Ukraine annually produced 120–165 thousand tons of rabbit meat, 30–45 million skins, and its share in world rabbit production reached 8 %. In the national volume of meat production, the share of highly dietary rabbit accounted for 8–10 %. Rabbit breeding in Ukraine was a very lucrative industry, which employed more than 600 thousand rabbit breeders. However, in recent years, rabbit breeding has declined due to the lack of modern scientific developments on the issues of complete feeding, rabbit keeping technology, low level of breeding and veterinary support. The development of the industry and the lack of coordinating bodies, both in the center and on the ground, are holding back. At present, the rabbit population of Ukraine is 97–98 % concentrated in individual farms and is 1.2–1.3 million breeding and repair livestock, and the rest in farms and breeding entities of various forms of ownership and management. According to the results of state certification, the breeding base of the industry in Ukraine today consists of 1 breeding plant and 7 breeding breeders of rabbit breeds. For feeding young rabbits used complete ration granular feed, the structure of which had different prebiotic content: I control group – the drug was not received, 2 experimental – 1.5, 3 – 2.0, 4 – 2.5 g/goal. per day. The studies were conducted on four groups of young rabbits, selected on the principle of groups of analogues, 25 heads in each. Thus, the total amount of feed increased from 80 g/goal. per day (35–41 days), up to 100 g (42–48 days), 120 g (49–55 days), up to 140 g (56–62 days), up to 160 g (63–69 days) up to 180 g (70–76 days). Feeding of young rabbits when reared for meat Prebiolact-Kr in animals of the second group at 43.1 g, the third 44.6 g and 45.0 g. The use of Prebiolact-Kr in the feeding of young rabbits when fed meat contributes to an increase in fattening performance, which may be the basis for the practical application of this supplement. Perebiolakt-KR showed the best results in feeding fattening and repair young animals at a dose of 2.0 g/goal per day.

Psalmodic Adaptation as Musical Translation

2020 ◽  
pp. 194-254
Author(s):  
Peter Mercer-Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Classical Music ◽  
Art Music ◽  
Common Source ◽  
Low Level ◽  
The Third ◽  
One To One

The psalmodic adaptation of classical music constitutes a distinctive creative act in instances in which we find adapters not simply importing excerpts essentially unchanged (a chiefly curatorial service), but making substantive musical decisions to bridge the gap dividing art music from psalmody. This chapter explores such “translational actions,” unfolding in four phases. The first concerns low-level decisions, involving rhythm, ornamentation, and texture. The second centers on syntactic challenges that arise in drawing brief excerpts from larger works (negotiating European passages that begin and end in different keys, for instance). The third focuses on “purposeful substitution”: the replacement of musical effects inappropriate to psalmody with wholly different effects calculated to achieve comparable goals. The fourth explores adaptations that challenge the very notion of a one-to-one correspondence between “excerpt” and “psalm tune”: tunes that draw on more than one European movement, say, or adjacent pairs of tunes drawn from a common source.

Visual Presentation Style 2: Influences on Perceptions of Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton Based on Visual Presentation Style During the Third 2016 Presidential Debate

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 545-557 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick A. Stewart ◽  
Austin D. Eubanks ◽  
Reagan G. Dye ◽  
Scott Eidelman ◽  
Robert H. Wicks
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Political Ideology ◽  
Visual Presentation ◽  
Hillary Clinton ◽  
Donald Trump ◽  
Presentation Style ◽  
The Third ◽  
Presidential Debate ◽  
Trait Ratings

A field experiment was conducted to analyze the third and final 2016 presidential debate. Randomly assigned participants watched the debate in the format of mainly solo camera shots that alternate between the candidates (i.e., switched feed), or with both candidates framed side-by-side on screen (i.e., split screen feed). Though viewer feelings of positivity toward the candidates did not differ, visual presentation style had a significant effect on trait judgments for Donald Trump overall. Participants watching Trump on the switched camera feed perceived him as significantly more Sophisticated, Honest, Attractive, Sincere, Strong, Active, Intelligent, Trustworthy, and Generous. There was not an effect for Hillary Clinton’s trait ratings overall, though she was perceived as significantly more Strong, Competent, and Intelligent by those watching the switched feed. This suggests that visual presentation style significantly influenced viewer perceptions. Political ideology was a significant predictor of all but one of the traits for each candidate.

The Effect of extreme Temperatures on different Stages of Aëdes aegypti (L.)

1957 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 593-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Micha Bar-Zeev
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Extreme Temperatures ◽  
Fourth Stage ◽  
Wetting And Drying ◽  
The Third ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Cent Mortality

Earlier investigations of the effects of extreme temperatures on different stages of Aëdes aegypti (L.) were supplemented by studies of eggs, larvae and pupae in water, and of eggs and adult females in air at various relative humidities.Larvae of the same stage, young pupae (defined as those less than half-an-hour old) and old pupae (at least 36 hours old), in groups of 100, 25 and 25, respectively, were kept for various periods at low temperatures in incubators, or, at high temperatures in glass cylinders closed at their lower ends by cloth filters and inserted into water baths, and then transferred to water at 28°C. and the mortality determined from the numbers surviving 24 hr. later (in the case of larvae) or becoming adult (in the case of pupae). Eggs in batches of 1,000 were similarly treated, except that periods of 24 hr. in water at 28°C. with yeast as food added were alternated with 24-hr. periods of drying, and mortality determined on the number that hatched and survived to the third or fourth stage. Adult females (four days old) were exposed in groups of 50 for various periods in jars over appropriate solutions giving a complete range of relative humidities and kept at low, medium and high temperatures. Eggs in batches of 1,000 were subjected to the same treatments. The adults were kept at 28°C. and 60 per cent. R.H. before treatment and for 24 hr. afterwards and mortality then determined. Mortality of eggs was determined after alternate 24-hr. periods of wetting and drying at 28°C., as in the case of eggs treated in water. The results of all the experiments were expressed as the exposure-times required to give 50 per cent. mortality (T50), calculated from the observed data.

scholarly journals Nonmolecular Test for Detection of Low-Level Resistance to Fluoroquinolones in Streptococcus pneumoniae

2006 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 572-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuelle Varon ◽  
Serge Houssaye ◽  
Sophie Grondin ◽  
Laurent Gutmann
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Disk Diffusion ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Diffusion Test ◽  
Disk Diffusion Test ◽  
Low Level ◽  
The Third ◽  
Epidemiological Tool ◽  
Resistant Mutants ◽  
Level Resistance

ABSTRACT With respect to pneumococci, there is a need to detect first-step mutants with reduced fluoroquinolone (FQ) susceptibility from which second-step, resistant mutants are likely to be selected in the presence of antipneumococcal FQs. Here, we describe an interpretative disk diffusion test, of which three options are presented, that allows the distinction between first- and second-step mutants. Using five FQ disks (pefloxacin, norfloxacin, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and sparfloxacin, option 1), all known mechanisms of altered FQ susceptibility found in first-step mutants (ParC, ParE, GyrA, or efflux) and in second-step mutants (ParC and GyrA or ParE and GyrA) can be accurately detected, making this option a useful epidemiological tool. Using three FQ disks (pefloxacin, norfloxacin, and levofloxacin, option 2), the most prevalent FQ-resistant mutants, but not the first-step GyrA mutants, can be detected. With only two FQ disks (norfloxacin and levofloxacin) in the third and simplest option, first-step mutants can be distinguished from second-step mutants, however, without differentiation of ParC, ParE, or efflux alterations.

scholarly journals REVIVED ACTIVITY OF THE VIRUS OF POLIOMYELITIS

1924 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-197
Author(s):  
Simon Flexner ◽  
Harold L. Amoss
Keyword(s):  
Virulent Strain ◽  
Human Virus ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
The Third ◽  
Superficial Resemblance ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
High Virulence ◽  
Large Increments ◽  
Epidemic Wave

A strain of the virus of poliomyelitis has been described which has passed through several stages of virulence as tested upon monkeys. The first stage consisted of the adaptation of the original human virus to the monkey. In this process high virulence was readily achieved. The adapted, virulent strain of virus was passed regularly through monkeys and maintained its activity for about 3 years, when diminution became apparent. The loss of power of the virus was such that it may be said to have returned approximately to the level of the original human virus. This change constituted the second stage. The third stage is represented by recovery of the high virulence. This revival occurred, it seems, during the sojourn of the virus in glycerol and required several years for its consummation. It was first noticed nearly 6 years after the low level of the second stage became established. The potent virus of the third stage has been found to remain active over a period of at least 4 years while preserved in glycerol. What constitutes at least a superficial resemblance between the wave-like rises and falls of the incidence of epidemic poliomyelitis and the phenomena of increase and decrease in virulence of the specimen of virus has been alluded to. The two processes differ, however, essentially in respect to the time factor, since the fluctuations of the epidemic wave occupy small and those of the virulence occupy large increments of time.

scholarly journals Transnational Spaces of Resistance

2021 ◽  
pp. 49-82
Author(s):  
Selin Çağatay ◽  
Mia Liinason ◽  
Olga Sasunkevich
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Social Movement ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Theoretical Foundation ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Low Level ◽  
The Third ◽  
Political Struggles ◽  
Spaces Of Resistance

AbstractThis chapter lays out the theoretical foundation of the book. It conceptualizes resistance as a space in-between small-scale mundane practices with a low level of collective organizing and large-scale protest activities which often exemplify resistance in social movement studies. In line with feminist and queer conceptualization of resistance, the authors suggest to examine multi-scalarity of resistant practices. The chapter attends to three scales of feminist and LGBTI+  activism in Russia, Turkey, and Scandinavia. The first scale analyzes activism in relation to the civil society-state-market triad. The second scale problematizes the notion of solidarity in relations between feminist and LGBTI+  activists from different geopolitical regions and countries as well as between small- and large-scale activist organizations and groups. Finally, the third scale focuses on individual resistant practices and the role of individual bodies in emergence of collective political struggles.

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