Sensory modification of leech swimming: interactions between ventral stretch receptors and swim-related neurons

2001 ◽  
Vol 187 (7) ◽  
pp. 569-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianhua Cang ◽  
Xintian Yu ◽  
Otto W. Friesen
Keyword(s):  
Stretch Receptors ◽  
Sensory Modification

Sensory Reinnervation of Muscles Following Nerve Section and Suture in Cats

1985 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 340-344
Author(s):  
R. W. BANKS ◽  
D. BARKER ◽  
H. G. BROWN
Keyword(s):  
Common Peroneal Nerve ◽  
Muscle Spindles ◽  
Sensory Impairment ◽  
Normal Muscle ◽  
Axon Terminals ◽  
Reflex Action ◽  
Stretch Receptors ◽  
The Common ◽  
Sensory Reinnervation ◽  
Tendon Organ

The common peroneal nerve was transected and repaired by epineurial suture in nine cats. In a further nine the nerve was transected twice and similarly repaired so as to produce a short autograft. Recovery of stretch receptors in peroneus brevis was monitored histologically and physiologically from six to fifty weeks. In recovery after single neurotomy functionally identifiable muscle-spindle and tendon-organ afferents were reduced to 25% and 45% of normal, respectively; after double neurotomy (autograft) both were reduced to about 10% of normal. Muscle spindles were reinnervated with annulospiral terminals, or wholly abnormal fine axon terminals, or both. Recovery evidently entails not only a reduction in number of stretch afferents, but also the making of some incorrect reconnections that presumably result in abnormal proprioceptive feedback and reflex action. When a graft is used the sensory impairment is compounded.

The Control of Changes in Peripheral Sensilla Associated with Feeding in Locusta Migratoria (L.)

1972 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 755-763
Author(s):  
E. A. BERNAYS ◽  
R. F. CHAPMAN
Keyword(s):  
Normal Level ◽  
Electrical Resistance ◽  
Locusta Migratoria ◽  
Corpus Cardiacum ◽  
Corpora Cardiaca ◽  
Diuretic Hormone ◽  
Stretch Receptors ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Maxillary Palps ◽  
Stimulation Of

1. The electrical resistance across the tips of the maxillary palps is not affected by stimulation of the palps, but increases to the normal level found after feeding as a result of distension of the foregut with agar or injection of corpus cardiacum homogenates into the haemolymph. 2. No increase in resistance occurs if the posterior pharyngeal nerves or the frontal connectives are cut. 3. It is inferred that distension of the foregut stimulates stretch receptors which, acting via the posterior pharyngeal nerves, the frontal connectives and the brain, cause the release of hormone from the storage lobes of the corpora cardiaca. This hormone acts on the terminal sensilla of the palps, causing them to close and so increasing the resistance across the palps. 4. Release of the diuretic hormone is controlled via the same pathway.

Response of primate joint afferent neurons to mechanical stimulation of knee joint

1977 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Grigg ◽  
B. J. Greenspan
Keyword(s):  
Knee Joint ◽  
Dorsal Root ◽  
Joint Angle ◽  
Afferent Neurons ◽  
Time Constants ◽  
Joint Afferents ◽  
Stretch Receptors ◽  
Angular Displacements ◽  
Gastrocnemius Muscles ◽  
Stimulation Of

1. One hundred thirty-eight knee joint afferents from posterior articular nerve (PAN), in primates, were recorded in dorsal root filaments. Responses of afferents were studied in relation to both passive manipulations of the knee and active contractions of quadriceps, semimembranosus, and gastrocnemius muscles. 2. When the knee was passively rotated, most neurons discharged only when extreme angular displacements were achieved. Response of neurons responding to passive extensions was linearly related to the torque applied to the knee. With maintained extensions, discharge in extension neurons adapted slowly. Some of the time constants of adaptation were similar to those for simultaneously recorded torque relaxation. 3. Contractions of quadriceps, semimembranosus, or gastrocnemius muscles could activate many neurons in the absence of changes in joint angle. For quadriceps-activated neurons, rather high torques (mean = 2,450 g with cm) were required. 4. The results support the hypothesis that joint afferents function as capsullar stretch receptors, responding to those mechanical events which result in loading of the capsule.

Surfactant replacement partially restores the activity of pulmonary stretch receptors in surfactant-depleted cats

2006 ◽  
Vol 100 (2) ◽  
pp. 594-601 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Sindelar ◽  
Anders Jonzon ◽  
Andreas Schulze ◽  
Gunnar Sedin
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Spontaneous Breathing ◽  
Lung Lavage ◽  
Lung Compliance ◽  
High Threshold ◽  
Inspiratory Time ◽  
Impulse Frequency ◽  
Surfactant Replacement ◽  
Stretch Receptors ◽  
Pulmonary Stretch Receptors

Single units of slowly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors (PSRs) were investigated in anesthetized cats during spontaneous breathing on continuous positive airway pressure (2–5 cmH2O), before and after lung lavage and then after instillation of surfactant to determine the PSR response to surfactant replacement. PSRs were classified as high threshold (HT) and low threshold (LT), and their instantaneous impulse frequency ( fimp) was related to transpulmonary pressure (Ptp) and tidal volume (Vt). Both the total number of impulses and maximal fimp of HT and LT PSRs decreased after lung lavage (55 and 45%, respectively) in the presence of increased Ptp and decreased Vt. While Ptp decreased markedly and Vt remained unchanged after surfactant instillation, all except one PSR responded with increased total number of impulses and maximal fimp (42 and 26%, respectively). Some HT PSRs ceased to discharge after lung lavage but recovered after surfactant instillation. The end-expiratory activity of LT PSRs increased or was regained after surfactant instillation. After instillation of surfactant, respiratory rate increased further with a shorter inspiratory time, resulting in a lower inspiratory-to-expiratory time ratio. Arterial pH decreased (7.31 ± 0.04 vs. 7.22 ± 0.06) and Pco2 increased (5.5 ± 0.7 vs. 7.2 ± 1.3 kPa) after lung lavage, but they were the same after as before instillation of surfactant (pH = 7.21 ± 0.08 and Pco2 = 7.6 ± 1.4 kPa) during spontaneous breathing. In conclusion, surfactant instillation increased lung compliance, which, in turn, increased the activity of both HT and LT PSRs. A further increase in respiratory rate due to a shorter inspiratory time after surfactant instillation suggests that the partially restored PSR activity after surfactant instillation affected the breathing pattern.

scholarly journals Astringency subqualities and sensory perception of Tuscan Sangiovese wines

OENO One ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandra Rinaldi ◽  
Virginie Moine ◽  
Luigi Moio
Keyword(s):  
Red Wine ◽  
Sensory Perception ◽  
Sensory Characteristics ◽  
Grape Cultivar ◽  
Base Parameters ◽  
Detailed Evaluation ◽  
Sensory Modification ◽  
Bottle Aging ◽  
First Time

Aim: The Sangiovese grape cultivar is at the basis of the most well-known Italian wines produced in the Tuscany region. However, little is known about the sensory characteristics of Tuscan Sangiovese wines, and the diversity in astringency subqualities has never been investigated. In this study we evaluated the sensory perception of 16 commercial Sangiovese wines belonging to four categories of denomination (Chianti DOCG, CH; Chianti Classico DOCG, CC; Morellino di Scansano DOCG, MS; Toscana IGT, TS), and again after 20 months of bottle aging.Methods and results: A sensory evaluation was made, consisting of the astringency subqualities, taste, odor, and aroma profiles of wines. In addition, chemical analyses were carried out for the base parameters, polyphenols and some volatile compounds. Astringency subqualities varied depending on the percentage of Sangiovese in wines (from 80 % to 100 %). Blended Sangiovese wines were characterized by positive mouthfeel sensations. According to these, the drivers of liking the wines were associated with soft, mouthcoat, and rich subqualities. The Tuscan Sangiovese denominations were differentiated by volatile active compounds, whereas after about two years of bottle aging the astringency subqualities better achieved this task. Moreover, aging also influenced the evolution of wines: CC and CH wines positively evolved, revealing a complex odor profile; MS lost the fruity character; and TS was less involved in sensory modification. Conclusions: For the first time, a detailed evaluation of the astringency subqualities of commercial Sangiovese wines was undertaken. Sangiovese subqualities differed according to the percentage of Sangiovese and denomination. Tuscan denominations were distinguished by peculiar sensory characteristics. In addition, bottle aging significantly influenced the evolution of the sensory perception of Sangiovese wine. In particular, mono-varietal Sangiovese wine needed a long period of aging to soften the astringency characteristics.Significance and impact of the study: Sangiovese wine represents - with its denominations and styles - the best-known and high-quality Italian wine in the world, and its popularity is increasing worldwide. Tuscan Sangiovese wines are often a blend with other red varieties of the region, and these can vary according to the production regulations. This study aimed to improve the knowledge of the sensory characteristics of Sangiovese wines belonging to different denominations and made with different percentages of this grape cultivar. In particular, the astringency subqualities are fundamental to fully appreciating the quality of the red wine during tasting.

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