A system of categorizing enzyme-cell wall associations in Agaricus bisporus , using operational criteria

2001 ◽  
Vol 56 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 613-622 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Sassoon ◽  
H. Mooibroek
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Agaricus Bisporus ◽  
Operational Criteria

Regulation of three genes encoding cell-wall-degrading enzymes of Trichoderma aggressivum during interaction with Agaricus bisporus

2013 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 417-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamal S. Abubaker ◽  
Calvin Sjaarda ◽  
Alan J. Castle
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Agaricus Bisporus ◽  
Mixed Cultures ◽  
Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Degrading Enzymes ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Green Mould ◽  
Catabolite Regulation

Members of the genus Trichoderma are very effective competitors of a variety of fungi. Cell-wall-degrading enzymes, including proteinases, glucanases, and chitinases, are commonly secreted as part of the competitive process. Trichoderma aggressivum is the causative agent of green mould disease of the button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus. The structures of 3 T. aggressivum genes, prb1 encoding a proteinase, ech42 encoding an endochitinase, and a β-glucanase gene, were determined. Promoter elements in the prb1 and ech42 genes suggested that transcription is regulated by carbon and nitrogen levels and by stress. Both genes had mycoparasitism-related elements indicating potential roles for the protein products in competition. The promoter of the β-glucanase gene contained CreA and AreA binding sites indicative of catabolite regulation but contained no mycoparasitism elements. Transcription of the 3 genes was measured in mixed cultures of T. aggressivum and A. bisporus. Two A. bisporus strains, U1, which is sensitive to green mould disease, and SB65, which shows some resistance, were used in co-cultivation tests to assess possible roles of the genes in disease production and severity. prb1 and ech42 were coordinately upregulated after 5 days, whereas β-glucanase transcription was upregulated from day 0 with both Agaricus strains. Upregulation was much less pronounced in mixed cultures of T. aggressivum with the resistant strain, SB65, than with the sensitive strain, U1. These observations suggested that the proteins encoded by these genes have roles in both nutrition and in severity of green mould disease.

scholarly journals Cycling in degradation of organic polymers and uptake of nutrients by a litter-degrading fungus

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurin M. Vos ◽  
Robert-Jan Bleichrodt ◽  
Koen C. Herman ◽  
Robin A. Ohm ◽  
Karin Scholtmeijer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Carbon Cycling ◽  
Agaricus Bisporus ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Lignocellulose Degradation ◽  
Button Mushroom ◽  
Cell Wall Polymers ◽  
Cyclic Degradation ◽  
Uptake Of Nutrients

SummaryWood and litter degrading fungi are the main decomposers of lignocellulose and thus play a key role in carbon cycling in nature. Here we provide evidence for a novel lignocellulose degradation strategy employed by the litter degrading fungus Agaricus bisporus (known as the white button mushroom). Fusion of hyphae allows this fungus to synchronize the activity of its mycelium over large distances (50 cm). The synchronized activity has an 13-hour interval that increases to 20 h before becoming irregular and is associated with a 3.5-fold increase in respiration while compost temperature increases up to 2 °C. Transcriptomic analysis of this burst-like phenomenon supports a cyclic degradation of lignin, deconstruction of (hemi-) cellulose and microbial cell wall polymers, and uptake of degradation products during vegetative growth of A. bisporus. Cycling in expression of the ligninolytic system, enzymes involved in saccharification, and nutrient uptake is proposed to provide an efficient way for degradation of substrates such as litter.

Chemical and structural differences in cell wall polysaccharides of two monokaryotic strains and their resulting dikaryon of Agaricus bisporus

1996 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 211-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Conceptión Garcia Mendoza ◽  
Amelia Perez Cabo ◽  
Myriam Calonje ◽  
Beatriz Galán ◽  
Monique Novaes-Ledieu
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Agaricus Bisporus ◽  
Cell Wall Polysaccharides ◽  
Structural Differences

Suppression of Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes and their Encoding Genes in Button Mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) by CaCl2 and Citric Acid

2016 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zia Ullah Khan ◽  
Li Jiayin ◽  
Nasir Mehmood Khan ◽  
Wangshu Mou ◽  
Dongdong Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Citric Acid ◽  
Agaricus Bisporus ◽  
Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes ◽  
Degrading Enzymes ◽  
Button Mushrooms ◽  
Encoding Genes

Verticillium disease or "dry bubble" of cultivated mushrooms: the Agaricus bisporus lectin recognizes and binds the Verticillium fungicola cell wall glucogalactomannan

2004 ◽  
Vol 50 (9) ◽  
pp. 729-735 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dolores Bernardo ◽  
Amelia Pérez Cabo ◽  
Monique Novaes-Ledieu ◽  
Concepción García Mendoza
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Agaricus Bisporus ◽  
Immunofluorescence Microscopy ◽  
Fruit Body ◽  
Vegetative Mycelium ◽  
Verticillium Fungicola ◽  
Dry Bubble ◽  
Cultivated Mushroom ◽  
Cultivated Mushrooms

The step of recognition and (or) binding for the development of the disease of the cultivated mushroom Agaricus bisporus by the mycoparasite Verticillium fungicola was studied by several approaches: agglutination of V. fungicola germinated spores by an A. bisporus extract from fruit body cell walls, immunofluorescence microscopy of A. bisporus hyphae from fruit bodies and vegetative mycelia pretreated with purified V. fungicola cell wall glucogalactomannan, and finally, by hemagglutination experiments carried out with an A. bisporus fruit body lectin in the presence and absence of the same glucogalactomannan. Hemagglutinating activity of the purified A. bisporus fruit body lectin was clearly inhibited by the V. fungicola glucogalactomannan, whereas in the A. bisporus vegetative mycelium such lectin was not encountered. All the results obtained make evident the recognition and binding of the A. bisporus fruit body lectin to the V. fungicola cell wall glucogalactomannan, clarifying why the mushrooms, but not the vegetative mycelium, become diseased.Key words: Agaricus bisporus lectin, Verticillium fungicola glucogalactomannan, mycoparasitism.

Chitinase production during interaction of Trichoderma aggressivum and Agaricus bisporus

2006 ◽  
Vol 52 (10) ◽  
pp. 961-967 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer L Guthrie ◽  
Alan J Castle
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Agaricus Bisporus ◽  
Extracellular Enzymes ◽  
Important Predictor ◽  
Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes ◽  
Trichoderma Species ◽  
Dual Cultures ◽  
Molecular Masses ◽  
Chitinase Production ◽  
Green Mould

The competitor fungus Trichoderma aggressivum causes green mould disease, a potentially devastating problem of the commercial mushroom Agaricus bisporus. Due to the recent appearance of this problem, very little is known about the mechanisms by which T. aggressivum interacts with and inhibits A. bisporus. A mechanism generally used by Trichoderma species in the antagonism of other fungi is the secretion of cell wall degrading enzymes. In this study, we determined the activities of chitinases produced in dual cultures of these fungi over a 2 week period. Both intracellular and extracellular enzymes were studied. Agaricus bisporus produced N-acetylglucosaminidases with apparent molecular masses of 111, 105, and 96 kDa. Two resistant brown strains produced greater activities of the 96 kDa N-acetylglucosaminidase than susceptible off-white and white strains. This result suggested that this enzyme might have a role in the resistance of commercial brown strains to green mould disease. Trichoderma aggressivum produced three N-acetylglucosaminidases with apparent molecular masses of 131, 125, and 122 kDa, a 40 kDa chitobiosidase, and a 36 kDa endochitinase. The 122 kDa N-acetylglucosaminidase showed the greatest activity and may be an important predictor of antifungal activity.Key words: mushrooms, chitinases, Trichoderma, Agaricus.

Influence of Cell Wall Composition on the Fossilisation of Bacteria and the Implications for the Search for Early Life Forms

1997 ◽  
Vol 161 ◽  
pp. 491-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frances Westall
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Cation Binding ◽  
Positive Bacterium ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Hydrothermal Sediments ◽  
Identification Of Bacteria ◽  
The Difference

AbstractThe oldest cell-like structures on Earth are preserved in silicified lagoonal, shallow sea or hydrothermal sediments, such as some Archean formations in Western Australia and South Africa. Previous studies concentrated on the search for organic fossils in Archean rocks. Observations of silicified bacteria (as silica minerals) are scarce for both the Precambrian and the Phanerozoic, but reports of mineral bacteria finds, in general, are increasing. The problems associated with the identification of authentic fossil bacteria and, if possible, closer identification of bacteria type can, in part, be overcome by experimental fossilisation studies. These have shown that not all bacteria fossilise in the same way and, indeed, some seem to be very resistent to fossilisation. This paper deals with a transmission electron microscope investigation of the silicification of four species of bacteria commonly found in the environment. The Gram positiveBacillus laterosporusand its spore produced a robust, durable crust upon silicification, whereas the Gram negativePseudomonas fluorescens, Ps. vesicularis, andPs. acidovoranspresented delicately preserved walls. The greater amount of peptidoglycan, containing abundant metal cation binding sites, in the cell wall of the Gram positive bacterium, probably accounts for the difference in the mode of fossilisation. The Gram positive bacteria are, therefore, probably most likely to be preserved in the terrestrial and extraterrestrial rock record.

Influence of Calcium Ions on the Plant Cell Surface: Membrane Fusions and Conformational Changes

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 154-155
Author(s):  
D. James Morré ◽  
Charles E. Bracker ◽  
William J. VanDerWoude
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Surface ◽  
Conformational Changes ◽  
Calcium Ions ◽  
Surface Membrane ◽  
Carboxyl Groups ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Ultrastructural Evidence ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Wall Extensibility

Calcium ions in the concentration range 5-100 mM inhibit auxin-induced cell elongation and wall extensibility of plant stems. Inhibition of wall extensibility requires that the tissue be living; growth inhibition cannot be explained on the basis of cross-linking of carboxyl groups of cell wall uronides by calcium ions. In this study, ultrastructural evidence was sought for an interaction of calcium ions with some component other than the wall at the cell surface of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) hypocotyls.

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