Natural occurrence of aflatoxin B1 in some Indonesian food and feed products in Yogyakarta in year 1998–1999

2001 ◽  
Vol 17 (S2) ◽  
pp. 174-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
CT Noviandi ◽  
E Razzazi ◽  
A Agus ◽  
J Böhm ◽  
HW Hulan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Natural Occurrence ◽  
Food And Feed

Natural occurrence of moulds and aflatoxin B1 in melon seeds from markets in Nigeria

2004 ◽  
Vol 42 (8) ◽  
pp. 1309-1314 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.A Bankole ◽  
B.M Ogunsanwo ◽  
O.O Mabekoje
Keyword(s):  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Natural Occurrence ◽  
Melon Seeds

scholarly journals Aflatoxin B1 Conversion by Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Larval Enzyme Extracts

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan Meijer ◽  
Geert Stoopen ◽  
H.J. van der Fels-Klerx ◽  
Joop J.A. van Loon ◽  
John Carney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cytochrome P450 ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Cytochrome P450s ◽  
Protein Source ◽  
Piperonyl Butoxide ◽  
Cytochrome P450 Enzymes ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Hermetia Illucens ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Novel Protein

The larvae of the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L., BSFL) have received increased industrial interest as a novel protein source for food and feed. Previous research has found that insects, including BSFL, are capable of metabolically converting aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), but recovery of total AFB1 is less than 20% when accounting for its conversion to most known metabolites. The aim of this study was to examine the conversion of AFB1 by S9 extracts of BSFL reared on substrates with or without AFB1. Liver S9 of Aroclor-induced rats was used as a reference. To investigate whether cytochrome P450 enzymes are involved in the conversion of AFB1, the inhibitor piperonyl butoxide (PBO) was tested in a number of treatments. The results showed that approximately 60% of AFB1 was converted to aflatoxicol and aflatoxin P1. The remaining 40% of AFB1 was not converted. Cytochrome P450s were indeed responsible for metabolic conversion of AFB1 into AFP1, and a cytoplasmic reductase was most likely responsible for conversion of AFB1 into aflatoxicol.

What about the 'other' Fusarium mycotoxins?

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Jestoi ◽  
M. Kokkonen ◽  
S. Uhlig
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Natural Occurrence ◽  
Fusarium Mycotoxins ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Natural Toxins ◽  
Toxic Metabolites ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Very High

Most Fusarium species are capable of producing mycotoxins that may cause adverse effects on human or animal health. The most commonly studied Fusarium mycotoxins include trichothecenes, zearalenone and fumonisins. However, it seems that nearly all of the most prevalent Fusarium species infecting grains are also capable of producing other toxic metabolites. The existing studies, although exiguous, have clearly demonstrated that other toxic metabolites of Fusarium spp. are also present in our foods and feeds, occasionally at very high levels. It is apparent that since mycotoxins, including these 'other' metabolites, are natural toxins, they cannot be completely eliminated from food and feed chains. However, scientific studies are needed to determine their true significance. Thus, the mechanism and level of toxicity as well as presence and concentration levels will have to be fully clarified. In this paper, we briefly review the prevalence of the dominant Fusarium species contaminating maize and small-grain cereals worldwide, and the current knowledge on the biological activity as well as the natural occurrence of their selected less-known toxic metabolites. Additionally, the significance of these 'other' Fusarium mycotoxins is discussed.

Aflatoxin B1 Binding by a Mixture of Lactobacillus and Propionibacterium: In Vitro Versus Ex Vivo

2005 ◽  
Vol 68 (11) ◽  
pp. 2470-2474 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. GRATZ ◽  
H. MYKKÄNEN ◽  
H. EL-NEZAMI
Keyword(s):  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Lactobacillus Rhamnosus ◽  
Probiotic Bacteria ◽  
Tissue Uptake ◽  
Bacterial Surface ◽  
Intestinal Mucus ◽  
Food And Feed

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a well-known carcinogen and reducing its bioavailability is of great interest for human and animal health. Several probiotic bacteria are able to bind AFB1 in vitro, including Lactobacillus rhamnosus LC-705 and Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. shermanii JS. A mixture of these two probiotics is used by the food and feed industry as biopreservative (Bioprofit), making it a promising candidate for future applications. Consequently, this study aims to investigate the in vitro and ex vivo ability of this probiotic mixture to bind AFB1. For in vitro experiments, probiotic mixture was suspended in an AFB1 solution (5 μM), incubated for 1 to 30 min, centrifuged, and AFB1 residues were quantitated in supernatant and pellet. For ex vivo experiments, duodenal loops of chicks were ligated and injected with either AFB1 solution alone or probiotic mixture suspension and AFB1 solution. Lumen content was centrifuged and AFB1 was quantitated in supernatant and pellet. Additionally, AFB1 was extracted from duodenal tissue to calculate tissue uptake. In vitro, 57 to 66% of AFB1 was removed from the solution by the probiotic mixture, but only 38 to 47% could be extracted from the bacterial surface. In ex vivo experiments, only up to 25% of AFB1 was bound by bacteria, and tissue uptake of AFB1 was significantly reduced when probiotic bacteria were present in the duodenal loop. Furthermore, the effect of intestinal mucus on the bacterial binding ability was investigated in vitro and was found to significantly reduce AFB1 binding by the probiotic mixture. However, probiotic mixture could only retard but not prevent AFB1 absorption in duodenal loops. Further work needs to assess the potential of probiotics in different experimental setups.

Fusaproliferin, beauvericin and enniatins: occurrence in food – a review

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Santini ◽  
G. Meca ◽  
S. Uhlig ◽  
A. Ritieni
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Concentration ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
Natural Occurrence ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Occasional Occurrence ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Reported Data ◽  
Feed Safety

The present review summarises data on the prevalence and concentration of fusaproliferin, beauvericin and enniatins in small grains, maize and processed grain-based foods. These fungal secondary metabolites possess interesting biological activities and are presently often referred to as 'emerging mycotoxins'. They have been considered as less important since they are likely not of acute toxicity. However, their high prevalence in foodstuffs, occasionally in higher mg/kg concentrations, warrants an assessment of their true importance for food (and feed) safety. Thorough surveys that determine the contamination of raw and processed foods with fusaproliferin, beauvericin and enniatins are still scarce and are generally limited to Northern Europe and the Mediterranean. The reported data suggest a connection between the observed concentrations and climate. The data further suggest that humans might be exposed continuously to low levels of enniatins as these compounds were of particularly high prevalence in the surveys. The highest concentrations of enniatins were reported from Spain and Northern Africa (maximum concentration of enniatin A1 814 mg/kg in rice from the Spanish market), while concentrations were significantly lower in Northern Europe (maximum concentration of enniatin B 18.3 mg/kg in wheat from Finland). Beauvericin appears to be of low significance in grains from cooler climates while it has been reported to occur at concentrations of tens of mg/ kg in Southern Europe and Morocco (maximum concentration 59 mg/kg in maize from Morocco). Fusaproliferin has been least investigated. Several reports from the Mediterranean show its occasional occurrence up to 19.6 mg/ kg in rice from Morocco, while its natural occurrence in cooler climates seems to be more rare.

scholarly journals Determination of Aflatoxins in Feed by HPLC and PCR

2020 ◽  
pp. 315-323
Author(s):  
Areej Zuhair Azeez ◽  
Mrwa Thamer Hindi ◽  
Maha Muhamed Khudiar ◽  
Adel Saadi AL Saadi ◽  
Noor Ibrahim Khadim
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Specific Primers ◽  
Endogenous Gene ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Food And Feed

The aim of this study is to identify aflatoxin secretion isolates in animal feeds by using HPLC and PCR  methods . In this study we collected fourty three samples of animal feed from different sites in Iraq (maize ,soybean ,sunflower grain ,barley grain, wheat). we isolated fungi  on potato dextrose agar, Aspergillus flavus  fungi was isolated from this samples  and identified the enzyme activities were tested for this isolate. The detection and determination for aflatoxin secretion of the isolates were done by using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) technique. Twelve isolates shown Aflatoxin B1 secretion. Polymrease chain reaction ( PCR) technique is an alternative method to detect for Aspergillus spp. strains that secret aflatoxin by using specific primers( ITS1) endogenous gene for  Aspergillus flavus  and (ord , nor) genes  for aflatoxin B1 secreation, the PCR technique  considered to be an important role for safety and quality in industrial food and feed.

scholarly journals Toxigenic fungal and mycotoxin contamination of maize samples from different districts in Serbia

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vesna Krnjaja ◽  
Slavica Stankovic ◽  
Milos Lukic ◽  
Nenad Micic ◽  
Tanja Petrovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Aspergillus Species ◽  
Natural Occurrence ◽  
Mycotoxin Contamination ◽  
Toxigenic Fungi ◽  
Penicillium Spp

This study was carried out in order to investigate the natural occurrence of toxigenic fungi and levels of zearalenone (ZEA), deoxynivalenol (DON) and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in the maize stored immediately after harvesting in 2016 and used for animal feed in Serbia. A total of 22 maize samples were collected from four different districts across the country: City of Belgrade (nine samples), Sumadija (eight samples), Podunavlje (four samples) and Kolubara (one sample). Toxigenic fungi were identified according to the morphological characteristics whereas the mycotoxins contamination were detected using biochemistry enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent (ELISA) assay. The tested samples were mostly infected with Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium spp., except that one sample originated from Kolubara was not contaminated with Aspergillus species. Fusarium graminearum was the most common species in the maize sample from Kolubara district (60%), F. verticillioides in the maize samples from Podunavlje (43.75%) and City of Belgrade (22.4%) districts, and Penicillium spp. in the maize samples from Sumadija district (26.38%). In the analysed maize samples the presence of Aspergillus species was low (0-1.78%). Mycotoxicological analysis revealed the presence of zearalenone (ZEA), deoxynivalenol (DON) and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in all the investigated samples, except that DON and AFB1 were not recorded in the samples from Podunavlje and Kolubara districts, respectively. The investigated samples were highly contaminated with ZEA, with incidence of 100% for the samples from Sumadija, Podunavlje and Kolubara districts and 88.89% for the samples from City of Belgrade district. In addition, the samples contamination with DON was 100% and 22.2% for the samples from Sumadija, Kolubara and City of Belgrade, districts, respectively. The highest number of AFB1 positive samples was found in Sumadija district (87.5%), while in the City of Belgrade and Podunavlje districts, 55.56% and 50% AFB1 positive samples were established, respectively. Generally, remarkable infection of all the tested samples with toxigenic fungal species from Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium genera were recorded. In addition, high contamination with mycotoxins ZEA, DON and AFB1 were also recorded; nevertheless, only in one sample the level of DON exceeded the allowed legal limit (1750 ?g kg-1) according to Regulation for unprocessed maize. Therefore, permanent mycological and mycotoxicological analyses of maize grain are necessary for risk assessment of fungal and mycotoxin contamination throughout the food chain.

scholarly journals Aflatoxin Contamination in Agricultural Commodities

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (04) ◽  
pp. 148-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. N. Rajarajan ◽  
K. M. Rajasekaran ◽  
N. K. Asha Devi
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Organic Substrates ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Hydroxylated Metabolite ◽  
Carcinogenic Compound

Aflatoxin is a naturally occurring Mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Aspergillus flavus is common and widespread in nature and is most often found when certain grains are grown under stressful conditions such as draught. The mold occurs in soil, decaying vegetation, hay and grains undergoing microbiological deterioration and invades all types of organic substrates whenever and wherever the conditions are favourable for its growth. Favourable conditions include high moisture content and high temperature.The aflatoxin group is comprised of aflatoxin B1,B2,G1 and G2. In addition , aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), a hydroxylated metabolite of AFB1, is excreted in the milk of dairy cows consuming an AFB1-contaminated ration. Aflatoxin B1 a prototype of the aflatoxins, is widely recognized as the most potent hepato carcinogenic compound and along with other certain members of the group, possess additional toxic properties including mutagenicity, tetrogenicity, acute cellular toxicity and it suppresses the immune system. Aflatoxin contamination of food and feed has gained global significance as a result of its deleterious effects on human as well as animal health. The marketability of food products is adversely affected by aflatoxin contamination.

scholarly journals Differential Transcriptome Responses to Aflatoxin B1 in the Cecal Tonsil of Susceptible and Resistant Turkeys

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kent Reed ◽  
Kristelle Mendoza ◽  
Roger Coulombe
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Lipid Synthesis ◽  
Susceptible Animal ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Cecal Tonsil ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Wild Turkeys ◽  
Treatment Comparisons

The nearly-ubiquitous food and feed-borne mycotoxin aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is carcinogenic and mutagenic, posing a food safety threat to humans and animals. One of the most susceptible animal species known and thus a good model for characterizing toxicological pathways, is the domesticated turkey (DT), a condition likely due, at least in part, to deficient hepatic AFB1-detoxifying alpha-class glutathione S-transferases (GSTAs). Conversely, wild turkeys (Eastern wild, EW) are relatively resistant to the hepatotoxic, hepatocarcinogenic and immunosuppressive effects of AFB1 owing to functional gene expression and presence of functional hepatic GSTAs. This study was designed to compare the responses in gene expression in the gastrointestinal tract between DT (susceptible phenotype) and EW (resistant phenotype) following dietary AFB1 challenge (320 ppb for 14 days); specifically in cecal tonsil which functions in both nutrient absorption and gut immunity. RNAseq and gene expression analysis revealed significant differential gene expression in AFB1-treated animals compared to control-fed domestic and wild birds and in within-treatment comparisons between bird types. Significantly upregulated expression of the primary hepatic AFB1-activating P450 (CYP1A5) as well as transcriptional changes in tight junction proteins were observed in AFB1-treated birds. Numerous pro-inflammatory cytokines, TGF-β and EGF were significantly down regulated by AFB1 treatment in DT birds and pathway analysis suggested suppression of enteroendocrine cells. Conversely, AFB1 treatment modified significantly fewer unique genes in EW birds; among these were genes involved in lipid synthesis and metabolism and immune response. This is the first investigation of the effects of AFB1 on the turkey gastro-intestinal tract. Results suggest that in addition to the hepatic transcriptome, animal resistance to this mycotoxin occurs in organ systems outside the liver, specifically as a refractory gastrointestinal tract.

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