Land Use-related Chemical Composition of Street Sediments in Beijing

2004 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cen Kuang ◽  
Thomas Neumann ◽  
Stefan Norra ◽  
Doris Stüben
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Street Sediments

scholarly journals Spatial and Temporal Variation of Rainwater Chemistry in Ile-Ife and Its Environ, Osun State, Nigeria

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aderonke Adetutu Okoya ◽  
Bamikole Walter Osungbemiro ◽  
Temi E. Ologunorisa
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Temporal Variation ◽  
Major Ions ◽  
Rain Water ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variation ◽  
Rainwater Chemistry ◽  
Water Composition ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
The Impact

The study of the chemical composition of rain water was conducted in Ile – Ife and environs, an agrarian, commercial, residential and semi-industrialised center of Osun state Nigeria. This was with a view to assessing the impact of land use activities on rain water composition and the temporal variation of rainwater chemistry. Physico-chemical parameters such as Turbidity, pH, TDS, Conductivity, Oxygen parameters, Alkalinity, Acidity, Hardness and Major ions (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, NO3-, SO4-, HCO3-) were determined, predominant ions were identified. Turbidity, pH, Conductivity, TDS, D.O B.O.D, Alkalinity, Acidity Hardness ranged between 2.90 - 42.84 NTU, 5.65 - 7.40, 6.71 – 122.33 µScm-1, 4.10 –73.27 mg/L, 3.60 – 10.60 mg/L, 0.13 – 7.20 mg/L, 0.33 – 22.0 mg/L, 2.00 – 15.00 mg/L, 0.04 – 1.23 CaCO3mg/l respectively. The dominant ions detected in the study were HCO3-, Mg2+, Na+ and Ca2+. Generally, the mean concentration of ions as expressed in milli-equivalent per Litre showed order of dominance as HCO3- > NO3- > SO42- for the anions and Mg2+ > Na+ > Ca2+ > K+ for cations. The study concluded that land use activities had influence on all the chemical composition of rain water in the study area but more on pH, alkalinity, acidity, bicarbonate. Except sulphate and Nitrate, all other parameters recorded high values in dry season.

scholarly journals Main directions in modern research of interaction between climate and land use/land cover changes

2020 ◽  
pp. 38-52
Author(s):  
L. A. Pysarenko ◽  
S. V. Krakovska
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
Atmospheric Boundary Layer ◽  
Meteorological Parameters ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Land Use Land Cover ◽  
Lulc Change

The purpose of the research is to analyse and assess existing approaches in investigation of interconnections between climate and underlying surface. Land use/land cover (LULC) influences climate formation via physical and chemical properties (albedo, roughness, height, chemical composition etc.). Climate in its turn affects land cover by means of meteorological parameters (air temperature and humidity, precipitation, wind etc.) and causes both cyclic and irreversible changes in land cover. In addition, anthropogenic factors exacerbate surface-climate interactions through? for example, LULC change that usually causes an additional release of chemical compounds. The paper distinguishes three main directions of the “climate - LULC” interactions research that is conducted mainly with application of satellite monitoring products, observation dataset, geographic information systems (GIS) and numerical modelling. The first direction implies monitoring and research of cyclic changes and transformation of LULC influenced by natural and anthropogenic factors, using different GIS-based satellite and surface meteorological observation databases. Despite significant technical progress and great amount of studies conducted for detecting dynamics of LULC change for different time intervals, the problems of dealing with cloudiness and shadows from orographic and other objects still remain. The second direction investigates the influence of LULC change on the chemical composition in the atmospheric boundary layer and on the regional climate. Numerous researches were dedicated to the influence of different kinds of surface such as forests, grasslands, croplands, urban areas etc. on climate characteristics and also on fluxes, for example, CO2. The effect of midlatitude forests on climate remains to be one of the challenging and urgent issues. The third direction relates to LULC change modelling and regional climate modelling. For the last decade a spatial resolution of models was considerably increased and, as a result, representation of interaction between atmosphere and land improved. Online integrated numerical atmospheric models are found as the most promising ones. They include "meteorological parameters – atmospheric chemical composition" feedbacks and can consider LULC on global and regional scales. However, some issues still need improvement, namely radiative transfer, cloud microphysics, cloud-aerosol-precipitation interactions, as well as parametrizations of some types of land and their interaction with the atmospheric boundary layer.

Chemical composition and colloidal properties of dissolved organic matter in Norway spruce forest stands of different ages

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viktoriia Meklesh ◽  
Luigi Gentile ◽  
Ulf Olsson ◽  
Anders Tunlid ◽  
Per Persson
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Dissolved Organic Matter ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Elemental Analysis ◽  
Scattering Data ◽  
High Molecular Weight Fraction ◽  
Colloidal Properties ◽  
Dialysis Experiment

<p>     Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is the most mobile and actively cycling fraction of soil carbon and acts as a carrier of nutrients and contaminants. It is consumed by microbes, photodegraded, or adsorbed in soils and sediments on its way to the ocean. Despite intensive research in the last two decades, the formation and fate of DOM in soils and its response to changes in land use and climate are poorly understood [1-3]. The changes in temperature and chemical composition of soils affect substantially the rates of microbial decomposition. It has previously been observed that afforestation had a positive effect on carbon stocks approximately 3 decades after land-use change [4]. The aim of this study was to identify the role of afforestation on the chemical composition and colloidal nature of DOM. We compared water extractable DOM from an organic horizon in three differently aged (35-, 61-, 90-years-old) Norway spruce stands growing in the same Tönnersjöheden area located at Simlångsdalen, south-west Sweden . Arable fields that were adjacent to each of these three forests served as control DOM samples and represented the soil material before afforestation. Chemical composition of DOM was inferred from <sup>13</sup>C solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), high-resolution <sup>1</sup>H NMR, infrared spectroscopy (DRIFT) and elemental analysis measurements. Colloidal properties of DOM were investigated using small-angle X-ray and dynamic light scattering methods together with electrophoretic mobility measurements. The dialysis experiment was additionally performed in order to investigate the high molecular fraction of DOM.</p><p>     Elemental analysis revealed an increase in the ratio between total organic C and total N with forest age and no differences between three field DOM extracts. <sup>1</sup>H and <sup>13</sup>C NMR results showed that both field and forest DOM extracts were dominated by carbohydrates and also contained carboxylic and aliphatic compounds. The aromatic structures were not detected using NMR. However, some features of aromatics and phenolics were detected in IR spectra, especially in forest cold DOM. Scattering data showed that field and forest DOM contained locally stable colloidal aggregates of ca. 100 nm in radius. The structures of these aggregates are consistent with a combination of globular and cluster-like colloids. Field DOM contained slightly higher fraction of clusters than forest DOM. According to the dialysis experiment the half of DOM was presented in high molecular weight fraction (> 12-14 kDa). Overall, our data suggest that DOM extracted from forest and field organic soils had similar chemical and colloidal properties. The relative composition was dictated more by temperature at which DOM was extracted.</p><ol><li>J. Lehmann, M. Kleber, Nature. <strong>528</strong>, 60–68 (2015).</li> <li>M. W. I. Schmidt et al., Nature. <strong>478</strong> (2011), pp. 49–56.</li> <li>K. Kalbitz, S. Solinger, J.-H. Park, B. Michalzik, E. Matzner, Soil Sci. <strong>165</strong>, 277–304 (2000).</li> <li>T. G. Bárcena et al., Glob. Chang. Biol. <strong>20</strong>, 2393–2405 (2014).</li> </ol>

scholarly journals Annual changes in the chemical composition of stream water in small catchments with different land-use (Carpathian Foothills, Poland)

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 129-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.P. Siwek ◽  
M. Żelazny ◽  
W. Chełmicki
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Kendall Test ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Specific Conductance ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Natural Factor ◽  
Annual Changes ◽  
Stream Waters

The aim of the study was to identify the factors that influence annual changes in the chemical composition of stream waters. The research area was located in the marginal zone of the Carpathian Foothills (Poland) in the Stara Rzeka catchment (mixed land-use) and its two sub-catchments: Leśny Potok (wooded) and Kubaleniec (farmed). Hydrochemical studies were carried out during the 1998&ndash;2004 water years and with separate recording frequencies for individual parameters. Measures used included specific conductance (SC), pH and the concentration of the main ions (Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>&ndash;</sup>, SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2</sup>&ndash;, Cl<sup>&ndash;</sup>) and nutrient compounds (NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> , NO<sub>2</sub><sup>&ndash;</sup>, NO<sub>3</sub><sup>&ndash;</sup>, PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3&ndash;</sup>). Tendencies towards changes in chemical parameters were estimated using the Seasonal Kendall Test. Elimination of flow rate impact on the chemical composition of stream waters was achieved using the residuals from the LOWESS analysis. During the analysed period, a statistically significant increase in SC and the concentration of the majority of main ions occurred. Additionally, there was an increase in the concentration of nutrient compounds in watercourses undergoing the anthropogenic impact (Kubaleniec, Stara Rzeka), as opposed to the Leśny Potok stream draining the wooded catchment. The SC changes were determined by a decrease in the annual river run-off and simultaneous ion concentration (natural factor). In the Stara Rzeka catchment, the increase in NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> concentration was caused by the increase in sewage discharge into the river (anthropogenic factor). Another factor that contributed to the annual changes of water chemistry was gradually deeper and deeper water-circulation (circulation factor), responsible for an increase in the concentration of Na<sup>+</sup> and Cl<sup>&ndash;</sup> and a decrease of HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>&ndash;</sup>3&ndash; and Ca<sup>2+</sup>.

scholarly journals Biogeochemical and Hydrological Drivers of Heterogeneous Nutrient Exports From Subterranean Estuaries

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea J. Pain ◽  
Jonathan B. Martin ◽  
Caitlin R. Young
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Groundwater Discharge ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Nutrient Export ◽  
Coastal Zones ◽  
Fresh Groundwater ◽  
Redfield Ratio ◽  
Subterranean Estuary ◽  
Subterranean Estuaries

Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) to coastal zones contributes terrestrial freshwater and nutrients that may support harmful algal blooms (HABs). The magnitude of nutrient exports via SGD depends on volumes of fresh groundwater discharge, its chemical composition, and modifications by biogeochemical processing within subterranean estuaries. Thus, the ability to upscale SGD exports requires knowing the range of chemical composition of inland groundwater and how those compositions may be transformed as fresh and saltwater mix within subterranean estuaries. These processes may create heterogeneous magnitudes of solute exports, even at small spatial scales, and such heterogeneities have rarely been assessed for regional or global SGD nutrient export estimates. To evaluate heterogeneity in subterranean estuary processes and nutrient export, we collected seasonal pore water samples in 2015–2016 at three proximal (&lt;20 km) subterranean estuary sites in Indian River Lagoon, FL. Sites have homogenous hydrogeological settings, but differ in land use and coastal features, and include a mangrove site, an urban site, and a site offshore of a natural wetland. All sites exhibit little variation through time in nutrient concentrations and modeled SGD rates. In contrast, each site exhibits significantly different nutrient concentrations of potential fresh groundwater sources, fresh groundwater discharge volumes, and nutrient transformations within subterranean estuaries. Groundwater specific discharge correlates with nutrient concentrations, suggesting that higher residence times in the subterranean estuary increase biogeochemical transformations that reduce anthropogenic nutrient loads but increase in situ nutrient sources derived from organic matter remineralization. The differences in transformations lead to SGD nutrient contributions that differ by orders of magnitude between sites and have N:P ratios that are greater than the Redfield ratio (15) for the mangrove (29) and urban sites (28), but less than the Redfield ratio for the wetland site (8). These results indicate that heterogeneity of both absolute and relative nutrient export via SGD complicates integration of nutrient fluxes across regional coastal zones and evaluations of its impacts to coastal ecosystems. A better understanding of the drivers of heterogeneity, including subterranean estuary processes, land use, coastal topography, and vegetation dynamics could improve assessments of regional nutrient loading and upscaling for estimates of global solute cycles.

Tectonic and geochemical controls on soil edaphic variability in the southern Kenya Rift, implications for early hominin land use

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Kübler ◽  
Stephen Mathai Rucina ◽  
Maurice Obunga ◽  
Eileen Eckmeier ◽  
Donjá Aßbichler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Soil Nutrients ◽  
Volcanic Rocks ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Kenya Rift ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Lake Magadi ◽  
Human Habitation ◽  
Early Hominin

&lt;p&gt;We have studied the importance of geological and soil edaphic factors for the location and duration of inhabitance of hominin sites in the southern Kenya Rift, East Africa. Using examples from the Lake Magadi-Olorgesailie region, we demonstrate that field mapping and analytical techniques derived from geology and soil science can provide important information for research in early hominin migration and land use.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Lake Magadi-Olorgesailie region is located in the center of the ~60-km wide rift floor and characterized by a complex network of sub-parallel, nearly vertical, fault escarpments. The largest area of the rift floor is covered by trachyte flows, while other volcanic rocks including basalts, phonolites and carbonatites are located around Mt. Olorgesailie, Mt. Esayeti, Mt. Suswa and Singaraini. The Mid Pleistocene Olorgesailie site is famous for an unusual abundance of hominin artefacts, fossil mammals and palaeoenvironmental indicators, preserved in sediments spanning ~1.2 to &lt;0.4&amp;#8201;Ma and has been the subject of wide-ranging and intensive studies on hominins and their archeology. Other important hominin sites in the region are located in the Koora Graben, and in the vicinity of Lake Magadi.&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;We have analyzed the chemical composition of a large number of geological and soil samples in the southern Kenya Rift, in order to understand the control of geochemical and tectonic processes on the release and distribution of vital soil nutrients. &amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Results show that in the study region volcanic, tectonic and related pedogenic processes created a complex suite of landscape features potentially advantageous for human habitation. Analysis of soil samples from the main volcanic and metamorphic rocks as well as from sedimentary deposits shows that soil edaphic properties are closely correlated with the chemical composition of the parent materials and that deficiencies of soil nutrients are reflected in the mineralogy of the volcanic rocks. Particularly, deficient levels of calcium are sourced in the lack of calcium-bearing minerals in soils developed on trachytic rocks. Further, we show that soil nutrient distributions correlate with the relief created by tectonic faulting. We observed a significant increase of the concentrations of Ca, Mg, P in soils, with proximity to active normal faults.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;We suggest that the combination of complex terrain and patchy nutrient distributions created narrow migration corridors potentially exploited by animals and the humans who hunted them. Our study implies that tectonics, geology and related soil edaphics have been important drivers for human habitation and strategic land use. Knowledge of these processes and their impact on past human-landscape interactions contributes to a broader understanding of how landscapes influenced hominin behavior and subsistence strategies in prehistoric time.&lt;/p&gt;

The effect of genotype × environment interactions on biological efficiency in beef cows

1994 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. A. Wright ◽  
J. R. Jones ◽  
T. J. Maxwell ◽  
A. J. F. Russel ◽  
E. A. Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Land Use Efficiency ◽  
Sward Height ◽  
Use Efficiency

AbstractAn experiment was conducted to examine the response of three genotypes of beef cows to contrasting levels of nutrition supplied from grazed pasture. Twenty-two Hereford × Friesian (HF), 20 Aberdeen Angus × Friesian (AF) and 24 Welsh Black (WB) spring-calving beef cows with their Charolais-cross calves were used in 4 years consecutively. During the summer grazing period they grazed permanent pasture maintained at either 4 to 5 cm (short) or 7 to 8 cm (tall) sward surface height. Sward height treatment significantly (P < 0·001) affected cow and calf live-weight gain (0·498 v. 0·041 (s.e.d. 0·0405) kg/day and 1·12 v. 0·90 (s.e.d. 0·021) kg/day for cow and calf live-weight gain on the tall and short swards respectively). The live-weight gains of the HF and WB cows were similar, but the AF cows gained less weight on the tall sward and lost weight on the short sward. Calf live-weight gain reflected cow milk yield, with the calves from HF and AF cows having similar live weight gains (1·06 and 1·02 kg/day respectively) and those from WB cows having lower gains (0·95 kg/day; P < 0·001). The effect of sward height on calf live-weight gain was greatest in the WB-born calves because of the lower milk yield from WB cows. Body chemical composition changes of cows were predicted from live weight and body condition score, using prediction equations derived from separate groups of cows which were slaughtered at a range of body compositions for determination of chemical composition. Energy balances, calculated from changes in chemical composition, showed the AF cows to have the lowest energy balances with the WB cows the highest. Calculation of energetic efficiency and land use efficiency of weaned calf production taking account of annual food requirements indicated that the HF cows were most efficient, and the WB cows least efficient. The effect of increasing nutritional environment (as represented by sward height treatment) was such as to increase energetic efficiency for all genotypes, but land use efficiency was increased for HF and AF cows, and decreased for WB cows. These results indicate the factors such as size of cows, milk yield potential and pattern of nutrient partitioning can influence energetic land use efficiency of weaned calf production, and that important interactions between genotype and nutritional environment can occur in different measures of efficiency.

scholarly journals Production of Pig Feed under Future Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations: Changes in Crop Content and Chemical Composition, Land Use, Environmental Impact, and Socio-Economic Consequences

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 3184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrik Saxe ◽  
Lorie Hamelin ◽  
Torben Hinrichsen ◽  
Henrik Wenzel
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
Environmental Cost ◽  
Consequential Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Feed Formulation ◽  
Pig Feed

With the rising atmospheric CO2, crops will assimilate more carbon. Yields will increase in terms of carbohydrates while diluting the content of protein and minerals in compound pig feed, calling for an altered formulation with more protein and less carbohydrate crops to maintain its nutritional value. Using crop response data from CO2 exposures in a linear modeling of feed formulation, we apply a consequential life cycle assessment (cLCA) to model all of the environmental impacts and socio-economic consequences that altered crop yields and chemical composition at elevated CO2 levels have on feed formulation, targeting altered amino acid contents rather than overall protein. An atmospheric CO2 of 550 µmole mole−1 gives rise to a 6% smaller demand for land use for pig feed production. However, feed produced at this CO2 must include 23% more soymeal and 5% less wheat than at present in order to keep its nutritional value. This counteracts the yield benefit. The monetized environmental cost of producing pig feed, where sunflower and soy contribute the most, equals the direct feed price in both scenarios. If external costs were internalized, honoring the Rio Declaration, feed prices would double. In contrast, the future composition of pig feed will increase the direct price by only 0.8%, while the external cost decreases by only 0.3%.

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