scholarly journals The effects of an appraisal manipulation: Affect, intrusive cognitions, and performance for two cognitive tasks

1996 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 319-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. H. Hemenover ◽  
Richard A. Dienstbier
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Intrusive Cognitions

scholarly journals The effects of cannabis use on salience attribution: a systematic review

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Surapi Bhairavi Wijayendran ◽  
Aisling O’Neill ◽  
Sagnik Bhattacharyya
Keyword(s):  
Brain Regions ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Indirect Measures ◽  
Neural Processes ◽  
Aberrant Salience ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Chronic Use

ObjectiveThe relationship between cannabis use and the onset of psychosis is well established. Aberrant salience processing is widely thought to underpin many of these symptoms. Literature explicitly investigating the relationship between aberrant salience processing and cannabis use is scarce; with those few studies finding that acute tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) administration (the main psychoactive component of cannabis) can result in abnormal salience processing in healthy cohorts, mirroring that observed in psychosis. Nevertheless, the extent of and mechanisms through which cannabis has a modulatory effect on aberrant salience, following both acute and chronic use, remain unclear.MethodsHere, we systematically review recent findings on the effects of cannabis use – either through acute THC administration or in chronic users – on brain regions associated with salience processing (through functional MRI data); and performance in cognitive tasks that could be used as either direct or indirect measures of salience processing. We identified 13 studies either directly or indirectly exploring salience processing. Three types of salience were identified and discussed – incentive/motivational, emotional/affective, and attentional salience.ResultsThe results demonstrated an impairment of immediate salience processing, following acute THC administration. Amongst the long-term cannabis users, normal salience performance appeared to be underpinned by abnormal neural processes.ConclusionsOverall, the lack of research specifically exploring the effects of cannabis use on salience processing, weaken any conclusions drawn. Additional research explicitly focussed on salience processing and cannabis use is required to advance our understanding of the neurocognitive mechanisms underlying the association between cannabis use and development of psychosis.

Does Group Training Work for Adults? A Study on Computer-Based Shop Floor Control Training

2000 ◽  
Vol 44 (11) ◽  
pp. 386-389
Author(s):  
Kuo-Hao Tang ◽  
Li-Chen Tsai ◽  
Chien-Hui Pan
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Shop Floor ◽  
Group Training ◽  
Shop Floor Control ◽  
Individual Group ◽  
Floor Control ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Training Efficiency

This research investigates how group training impacts experienced workers in computer-based cognitive tasks, and use both mean performance and performance variance to address issues regarding training efficiency. The analysis suggests that lower achievers are benefited more from group training, and the performance variance for the individual group is significantly larger than groups of two and three trainees.

Habituation and Cognitive Performance: Relationships Between Measures at Four Years of Age and Earlier Assessments

1980 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dolores J. Miller ◽  
Gail Spiridigliozzi ◽  
Ellen B. Ryan ◽  
Mary P. Callan ◽  
Joan E. Mclaughlin
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Early Infancy ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Predicting Performance ◽  
Median Split ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Visual Habituation

Relationships between measures of visual habituation and performance on cognitive tasks at 51 months of age and between these and previous assessments (at 39, 27, 15 months and early infancy) were examined in 24 children. Results suggest that youngsters currently characterized as faster habituators, in terms of first fixation data, may be somewhat advanced cognitively compared to slower habituators. The indexing of a group of fast and of slow habituators, through median split of ranked first fixation ratios, proved effective in predicting performance across the four cognitive tasks at 51 months according to a discriminant analysis. Correlations between these ratios and both current and previous cognitive scores showed some stability of individual differences from 15 through 51 months.

scholarly journals Sex and Menstrual Phase Influences on Sleep and Memory

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandra Alonso ◽  
Lisa Genzel ◽  
Angela Gomez
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Memory Consolidation ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Circadian Regulation ◽  
Complex Relationship ◽  
Menstrual Phase ◽  
Sexual Hormones ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
And Performance

Abstract Purposes of Review This review highlights the effect of sex differences in sleep mediated memory consolidation and cognitive performance. In addition, the role of menstrual cycle and the fluctuating level of sexual hormones (mainly oestrogen and progesterone) are stressed. Recent Findings The literature indicates that sex hormones mediate and orchestrate the differences observed in performance of females in comparison with males in a variety of tasks and can also be related to how sleep benefits cognition. Although the exact mechanism of such influence is not clear, it most likely involves differential activation of brain areas, sensitivity to neuromodulators (mainly oestrogen), circadian regulation of sleep and temperature, as well as modification of strategies to solve tasks across the menstrual cycle. Summary With the evidence presented here, we hope to encourage researchers to develop appropriate paradigms to study the complex relationship between menstrual cycle, sleep (its regulation, architecture and electrophysiological hallmarks) and performance in memory and other cognitive tasks.

scholarly journals Biologically plausible learning in recurrent neural networks reproduces neural dynamics observed during cognitive tasks

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Miconi
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Recurrent Neural Networks ◽  
Complex Dynamics ◽  
Learning Rule ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Recurrent Networks ◽  
Plausible Model ◽  
Relevant Variables ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Encode Task

AbstractNeural activity during cognitive tasks exhibits complex dynamics that flexibly encode task-relevant variables. Chaotic recurrent networks, which spontaneously generate rich dynamics, have been proposed as a model of cortical computation during cognitive tasks. However, existing methods for training these networks are either biologically implausible, and/or require a continuous, real-time error signal to guide learning. Here we show that a biologically plausible learning rule can train such recurrent networks, guided solely by delayed, phasic rewards at the end of each trial. Networks endowed with this learning rule can successfully learn nontrivial tasks requiring flexible (context-dependent) associations, memory maintenance, nonlinear mixed selectivities, and coordination among multiple outputs. The resulting networks replicate complex dynamics previously observed in animal cortex, such as dynamic encoding of task features and selective integration of sensory inputs. We conclude that recurrent neural networks offer a plausible model of cortical dynamics during both learning and performance of flexible behavior.

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