Plasma and surface tension model for explaining the surface effect of tritium generation at cold fusion

1990 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 393-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Hora ◽  
L. Cicchitelli ◽  
G. H. Miley ◽  
M. Ragheb ◽  
A. Scharmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Surface Effect ◽  
Cold Fusion ◽  
Surface Tension Model

A new algorithm for surface tension model in moving particle methods

2007 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 225-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuai Zhang ◽  
Koji Morita ◽  
Kenji Fukuda ◽  
Noriyuki Shirakawa
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Particle Methods ◽  
Moving Particle ◽  
Surface Tension Model

scholarly journals The scattering of light by liquid boundaries and its relation to surface tension. —Part II

1925 ◽  
Vol 109 (749) ◽  
pp. 150-157 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Surface Effect ◽  
Carbon Disulphide ◽  
Volume Effect ◽  
Surface Scattering ◽  
Angle Of Incidence ◽  
Scattering Of Light ◽  
Transparent Liquid ◽  
Extensive Collection ◽  
The Comparative Study

In the first paper, a description was given of the scattering of light by metallic liquid surfaces, particularly of the manner in which the intensity and state of polarisation of the scattered rays vary with the angle of incidence of the primary rays and the direction of observation. We now proceed to consider the phenomena observed when the clean and dust-free surface of a transparent liquid is strongly illuminated. Whereas in the case of metals we have a very few substances which are liquid at ordinary temperatures, an enormous variety of transparent liquids is available for the purpose of the present study. In fact, at the time the investigation was taken up, an extensive collection of pure organic chemicals had been obtained from Kahlbaum, and bulbs containing some 64 different liquids, rendered dust-free by repeated distillation in cacuo , were ready for a programme of quantitative studies of the internal lightscattering. This collection naturally proved very convenient also for the purpose of the comparative study of the surface-scattering, and the extended observations made possible by its aid served to bring out very clearly the influence on the phenomenon of the surface tension of the liquid, and thus to establish its molecular nature. As already remarked in the first paper, in the case of transparent fluids, the surface-scattering is accompanied by the internal-scattering within the liquid when a pencil of light is concentrated upon the surface, but the two effects are distinguishable from each other in several particulars. By using a good achromatic lens to focus a well-defined image of the sun on the boundary, the surface opalescence appears as a sharply bounded circular or elliptic disc of light, whose aspect varies very much with the direction of observation while that of the internal-scattering does not. The colour of the surface opalescence is also much less blue than that of the internal-scattering, and, indeed, by contrast with it appears nearly white. Green, yellow and red filters held in front of the eye diminish the brightness of the volume effect much more (in increasing order) than they do that of the surface effect, and hence assist greatly in studying or photographing the latter phenomenon. The brightness of the surface-scattering also varies with the direction of observation, while that of the internal-scattering in dust-free liquids is practically invariable. In the case of oblique incidence of the primary beam, the surface-opalescence is conspicuously brighter when viewed in directions adjacent to those of the reflected or transmitted pencils than in other directions. In fact, it then stands out very clearly, and may be distinguished even with liquids such as carbon disulphide or nitrobenzene, in which the internal-scattering is so strong that it usually overpowers the surface effect.

Spreading-Droplet Simulation With Surface Tension Model Using Inter-Particle Force in Particle Method

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eiji Ishii ◽  
Taisuke Sugii
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Contact Angle ◽  
Dynamic Contact Angle ◽  
Particle Method ◽  
Dynamic Contact ◽  
Contact Angles ◽  
Particle Methods ◽  
Static Contact ◽  
Particle Force ◽  
Surface Tension Model

Predicting the spreading behavior of droplets on a wall is important for designing micro/nano devices used for reagent dispensation in micro-electro-mechanical systems, printing processes of ink-jet printers, and condensation of droplets on a wall during spray forming in atomizers. Particle methods are useful for simulating the behavior of many droplets generated by micro/nano devices in practical computational time; the motion of each droplet is simulated using a group of particles, and no particles are assigned in the gas region if interactions between the droplets and gas are weak. Furthermore, liquid-gas interfaces obtained from the particle method remain sharp by using the Lagrangian description. However, conventional surface tension models used in the particle methods are used for predicting the static contact angle at a three-phase interface, not for predicting the dynamic contact angle. The dynamic contact angle defines the shape of a spreading droplet on a wall. We previously developed a surface tension model using inter-particle force in the particle method; the static contact angle of droplets on the wall was verified at various contact angles, and the heights of droplets agreed well with those obtained theoretically. In this study, we applied our surface tension model to the simulation of a spreading droplet on a wall. The simulated dynamic contact angles for some Weber numbers were compared with those measured by Šikalo et al, and they agreed well. Our surface tension model was useful for simulating droplet motion under static and dynamic conditions.

Solder Joint Formation in Surface Mount Technology—Part II: Design

1990 ◽  
Vol 112 (3) ◽  
pp. 219-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Heinrich ◽  
N. J. Nigro ◽  
A. F. Elkouh ◽  
P. S. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Solder Joint ◽  
Solder Joints ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Surface Mount Technology ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Joint Formation ◽  
Surface Mount ◽  
Surface Tension Model

In this paper dimensionless design curves relating fillet height and length to joint cross-sectional area are presented for surface-mount solder joints. Based on an analytical surface tension model, the advantage of these dimensionless curves is that they may be used for arbitrary values of solder density and surface tension. The range of applicability of previously developed approximate formulae for predicting joint dimensions is also investigated. A simple example problem is included to illustrate the use of both the design curves and the approximate formulae.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document