scholarly journals Microscopic patterns of the colonic mucosal surface. Investigations in human subjects and experimental animals

1968 ◽  
Vol 24 (12) ◽  
pp. 1252-1252 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Onori ◽  
V. Greco ◽  
A. Fabbrini ◽  
A. Torsoli
Keyword(s):  
Human Subjects ◽  
Mucosal Surface ◽  
Experimental Animals

Definition of histamine release in human subjects and experimental animals using plasma histamine determinations in the whole individual

1979 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Lorenz ◽  
A. Doenicke ◽  
E. Neugebauer ◽  
B. Schwarz ◽  
A. Schmal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Histamine Release ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Plasma Histamine ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Definition Of

The Effects of Phenothiazines on Endocrine Function: II

1974 ◽  
Vol 124 (582) ◽  
pp. 420-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. V. Beumont ◽  
C. S. Corker ◽  
H. G. Friesen ◽  
T. Kolakowska ◽  
B. M. Mandelbrote ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Rhesus Monkey ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Endocrine Function ◽  
Ample Evidence ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
High Doses

There is ample evidence that high doses of phenothiazines and other neuroleptics depress the pituitary-gonadal axis in experimental animals (De Wied, 1967), but the effects of these drugs on sex hormones in human subjects are still controversial (Shader and Di Mascio, 1970). Literature concerning growth hormone (GH) is even more controversial, since phenothiazines have been found to inhibit GH release in rodents (Muller et al., 1967) but to increase it in the rhesus monkey (Meyer and Knobil, 1967). In human subjects phenothiazines have been reported to depress both basal levels of GH and the response to hypoglycaemia (Sherman et al., 1971), while others have found that this response is enhanced (Schimmelbusch, Mueller and Scheps, 1971). Studies of prolactin levels are more consistent, showing raised prolactin both in experimental animals and in human subjects following administration of phenothiazines (Apostolakis et al., 1972; Hwang et al., 1971; Kleinberg et al., 1971; Sulman, 1970).

A Test of Sensory Pre-Conditioning in Pigeons

1952 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Reid
Keyword(s):  
Test Stimulus ◽  
Light Stimulus ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Similar Degree ◽  
Control Procedure ◽  
Learning Mechanisms ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Functional Relationships ◽  
Control Procedures

Sixteen pigeons were used in an experiment designed to show the sensory preconditioning effect as originally reported by Brogden. An experimental group received 200 simultaneous presentations of a buzzer paired with a light stimulus. They were then trained to respond to one of these stimuli alone and tested for response to the other. A control group received the same treatment except in the initial stage when 200 presentations of the test stimulus only were given. The results provided no evidence that the pairing of stimuli affected behaviour during the critical test. Both groups responded to the test stimulus to a similar degree in this experiment, whereas in Brogden's original study with dogs experimental animals responded significantly more frequently than did their controls. The discrepancy in results can be attributed to the use of different control procedures in the two experiments. Brogden's controls were not exposed to presentations of the test stimulus before training. Differences in familiarity with this stimulus may have produced the differences between the behaviour of his control and experimental animals. This interpretation is supported by the result of a preliminary experiment with pigeons in which Brogden's control procedure was used and his original results confirmed. With human subjects there is some evidence that pairing procedures may result in enhanced generalization, alterations in sensory thresholds or hallucinations. However, these effects are little understood and difficult to predict. Although no functional relationships like those found in ordinary conditioning have yet been shown to apply, the terms “sensory conditioning” and “sensory pre-conditioning” have been widely used and the data have been quoted in support of theories of learning that require the setting up of direct sensory-sensory relationships. Until there is unequivocal evidence of pairing effects with animals or fuller knowledge of the occurrence of such effects with human subjects, it is considered unadvisable to link them even by name with basic learning mechanisms such as conditioning.

Effects of anticonvulsant agents on halothane-induced liver injury in human subjects and experimental animals

Hepatology ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 952-956 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fumio Nomura ◽  
Hitoshi Hatano ◽  
Kunihiko Ohnishi ◽  
Bunshiro Akikusa ◽  
Kunio Okuda
Keyword(s):  
Liver Injury ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Anticonvulsant Agents

scholarly journals Possible Mechanisms of Vasectomy-exacerbated Atherosclerosis

1982 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 469 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy J Alexander
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Immune Complexes ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Renal Glomerulus ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Complex Deposition ◽  
Over Time

Our laboratory as well as those of others have demonstrated that in experimental animals vasectomy results in immune-complex deposition not only in the reproductive tract but also in the renal glomerulus. We have shown that in two species of monkeys vasectomy results in a significant increase in atherosclerosis and have postulated that this may be due to circulating immune complexes. We have shown a mild change in arteriolar vessels in a small study of vasectomized men and have found a mild but insignificant increase in systolic blood pressure in vasectomized men over time compared to an age-matched group. One cannot ignore the fact that persistent autoimmune responses to spermatozoal antigens are generated in both vasectomized men and animals. The paucity of direct information about whether vasectomy exacerbates atherosclerosis in human subjects has made reliance on animal studies unavoidable. But to date there is no evidence that vasectomy causes a similar effect in human beings.

scholarly journals Antiphospholipid Antibodies Bind ATP: A putative Mechanism for the Pathogenesis of Neuronal Dysfunction

2005 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 175-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Chapman ◽  
L. Soloveichick ◽  
S. Shavit ◽  
Y. Shoenfeld ◽  
A. D. Korczyn
Keyword(s):  
Antiphospholipid Antibodies ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Affinity Column ◽  
Neuronal Dysfunction ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Glycoprotein I ◽  
Apolipoprotein H ◽  
Igg Binding ◽  
Putative Mechanism

Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) generated in experimental animals cross-react with ATP. We therefore examined the possibility that aPL IgG from human subjects bind to ATP by affinity column and an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Sera with high levels of aPL IgG were collected from 12 patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). IgG fractions from 10 of 12 APS patients contained aPL that could be affinity-bound to an ATP column and completely eluted with NaCl 0.5 M. A significant (>50%) inhibition of aPL IgG binding by ATP 5 mM was found in the majority. Similar inhibition was obtained with ADP but not with AMP or cAMP. All the affinity purified anti-ATP antibodies also bound β2-glycoprotein-I (β2-GPI, also known as apolipoprotein H) suggesting that, similar to most pathogenic aPL, their binding depends on this serum cofactor. We further investigated this possibility and found that the binding of β2-GPI to the ATP column was similar to that of aPL IgG in that most was reversed by NaCl 0.5 M. Furthermore, addition of β2-GPI to aPL IgG significantly increased the amount of aPL binding to an ATP column. We conclude that aPL IgG bind ATP, probably through β2-GPI. This binding could interfere with the normal extracellular function of ATP and similar neurotransmitters.

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