Detection of Enteric Viruses on Strawberries and Raspberries Using Capture by Apolipoprotein H

Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) and the hepatitis A virus (HAV) are the main viral causes of foodborne illness worldwide. These viruses are frequently transmitted via fresh and frozen berries, such as strawberries and raspberries. ISO 15216:1 (2017), currently the preferred method for their detection, involves several steps and is time-consuming. Apolipoprotein H (ApoH) has been shown to have a strong affinity for several microorganisms, including HuNoVs. In this article, we report an ApoH-based method of capturing the HAV and HuNoVs adherent to berries and concentrating them for assay. The limit of detection of both viruses suspended in a buffer was low. On strawberries, the HAV was detected down to 104 genome copies/25 g in 100% of cases and down to 103 genome copies/25 g on raspberries in 50% of cases. This sensitivity was not significantly different from that of the ISO method 15216:1 (2017). HuNoV GII.4 was more difficult to detect using the ApoH method. The ApoH CaptoVIR kit does, nevertheless, appear to be usable in the near future as a single-test, multiple-detection method for viruses on fresh and frozen berries.

Bioinformatics Analysis of Apolipoprotein H Demonstrates Its Potential as a Prognostic Biomarker in Kidney Renal Clear Cell Carcinoma

Objectives This study aimed to systematically reveal the clinical value of APOH in KIRC.Methods The expression of APOH and its methylation level in KIRC were explored. Also, the prognostic value of APOH was evaluated. In addition, the correlation of APOH and immune infiltrates in KIRC was analyzed. Finally, enrichment analysis was performed to predict the APOH-associated pathways in KIRC.Results Compared with the normal group, APOH was down-regulated in KIRC both in mRNA and protein levels. The APOH expression was related to several phenotypes of KIRC patients. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that APOH high expression correlated with shorter OS, PFI, and DSS time. Cox regression only indicated the independent prognostic impact of APOH for PFI. ROC curve showed the better prediction performance of APOH for PFI and nomogram further revealed its contribution to survival probability. Additionally, a negative correlation between APOH expression and methylation was observed, and APOH methylation did not influence the prognosis of patients. In addition, both expression and methylation of APOH were related to immune infiltrates, suggesting the importance of immune infiltrates in KIRC. Finally, the KEGG and GSEA analyses indicated a positive relationship of APOH with Complement and coagulation cascades pathways in KIRC.Conclusions APOH was closely related to the prognosis of KIRC patients and might be involved in the Complement and coagulation cascades pathway, implying the involvement of APOH in tumorigenesis and metastasis of KIRC.

Graph Coverings for Investigating Non Local Structures in Proteins, Music and Poems

We explore the structural similarities in three different languages, first in the protein language whose primary letters are the amino acids, second in the musical language whose primary letters are the notes, and third in the poetry language whose primary letters are the alphabet. For proteins, the non local (secondary) letters are the types of foldings in space (α-helices, β-sheets, etc.); for music, one is dealing with clear-cut repetition units called musical forms and for poems the structure consists of grammatical forms (names, verbs, etc.). We show in this paper that the mathematics of such secondary structures relies on finitely presented groups fp on r letters, where r counts the number of types of such secondary non local segments. The number of conjugacy classes of a given index (also the number of graph coverings over a base graph) of a group fp is found to be close to the number of conjugacy classes of the same index in the free group Fr−1 on r−1 generators. In a concrete way, we explore the group structure of a variant of the SARS-Cov-2 spike protein and the group structure of apolipoprotein-H, passing from the primary code with amino acids to the secondary structure organizing the foldings. Then, we look at the musical forms employed in the classical and contemporary periods. Finally, we investigate in much detail the group structure of a small poem in prose by Charles Baudelaire and that of the Bateau Ivre by Arthur Rimbaud.

Graph Coverings for Investigating Non Local Structures in Proteins, Music and Poems

It is shown how the secondary structure of proteins, musical forms and verses of poems are approximately ruled by universal laws relying on graph coverings. In this direction, one explores the group structure of a variant of the SARS-Cov-2 spike protein and the group structure of apolipoprotein-H, passing from the primary code with amino acids to the secondary structures organizing the foldings. Then one look at the musical forms employed in the classical and contemporary periods. Finally, one investigates in much detail the group structure of a small poem in prose by Charles Baudelaire and that of the Bateau Ivre by Arthur Rimbaud.

Graph Coverings for Investigating Non Local Structures in Proteins, Music and Poems

It is shown how the secondary structure of proteins, musical forms and verses of poems are approximately ruled by universal laws relying on graph coverings. In this direction, one explores the group structure of a variant of the SARS-Cov-2 spike protein and the group structure of apolipoprotein-H, passing from the primary code with amino acids to the secondary structures organizing the foldings. Then one look at the musical forms employed in the classical and contemporary periods. Finally, one investigates in much detail the group structure of a small poem in prose by Charles Baudelaire and that of the Bateau Ivre by Arthur Rimbaud.