Production of B-group vitamins by mycorrhizal fungi and actinomycetes isolated from the root zone of pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)

1985 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 387-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Strzelczyk ◽  
U. Leniarska
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Root Zone

Fungi-vegetation relationships in a Pinus sylvestris forest in central Norway

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (6) ◽  
pp. 807-816 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sigurd M. Såstad
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Bottom Layer ◽  
Saprotrophic Fungi ◽  
Field Layer ◽  
Mantel Tests ◽  
Total Cover

The macrofungal Basidiomycete community of a Pinus sylvestris forest was investigated in 50 plots, 2 × 2 m, to see how vegetation composition and space influenced the distribution of saprotrophic and ectomycorrhizal fungi. Mantel tests and partial Mantel tests revealed a relationship between total cover of the field layer and mycorrhizal fungi, and total cover of the bottom layer and saprotrophic fungi. These results are consistent with the predictions that mycorrhizal fungi are mainly influenced by plant species present in the root zone, whereas saprotrophic fungi are mainly influenced by the plant species of the bottom layer. Variation in the abundance of tree species did not influence the distribution of macrofungal species at this scale. The spatial patterns of fungal distribution found in this study did not deviate significantly from a random distribution. Indirect ordination showed that the ectomycorrhizal fungi mainly responded to a gradient in cover of the field layer, whereas the saprotrophs seemed to respond to a complex gradient of cover of field and bottom layer, moisture, and paludification. A direct ordination using both vegetation and fungi descriptors indicated that some of the covariation in the saprotrophic fungi and the bottom layer might be coordinated responses to changes in the field layer. A considerably higher β diversity was found among the fungi than in the vegetation. Key words: basidiomycetes, saprotrophic fungi, mycorrhizal fungi, fungi–vegetation relationships, Mantel test, ordination.

Effect of root zone temperature on ectomycorrhiza and vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhiza formation in disturbed and undisturbed forest soils of southwest Oregon

1983 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 657-665 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer L. Parke ◽  
R. G. Linderman ◽  
J. M. Trappe
Keyword(s):  
Forest Soils ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Root Zone Temperature ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular ◽  
Mycorrhiza Formation ◽  
Undisturbed Forest ◽  
Southwest Oregon

The presence of ectomycorrhizal and vesicular–arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizal fungi in soils from five sites in a mixed conifer zone in southwest Oregon, each consisting of a 1- to 1.5-year-old clear-cut adjacent to an undisturbed forest stand, was determined by bioassay with Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco, Pinusponderosa Dougl. ex P. Laws & C. Laws, and Trifoliumsubterraneum L. 'Mt. Barker' as hosts grown at root zone temperatures ranging from 7.5 to 35 °C. Maximum formation of both ectomycorrhizae and VA mycorrhizae occurred at 18.5–24 °C in soils from all sites, and there were no significant qualitative or quantitative differences between disturbed (clear-cut) or undisturbed (forest) soils. Mycorrhiza formation was moderate even at the lowest temperature tested (7.5 °C) but was greatly reduced or prevented at or above 29.5 °C. Treatment of soil at 35 °C for 1 week did not appear to adversely affect viability of ectomycorrhizal fungus propagules, but young mycorrhizae subjected to the same treatment appeared to be severely injured. Thus the ability of native mycorrhizal fungi to grow at low soil temperatures is especially important as they may contribute to the survival of seedlings outplanted into climatic zones characterized by warm, dry summers following cool, wet winters and springs.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi alleviate abiotic stresses in potato plants caused by low phosphorus and deficit irrigation/partial root-zone drying

2018 ◽  
Vol 156 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caixia Liu ◽  
Sabine Ravnskov ◽  
Fulai Liu ◽  
Gitte H. Rubæk ◽  
Mathias N. Andersen
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
P Fertilization ◽  
Low Phosphorus

AbstractDeficit irrigation (DI) improves water use efficiency (WUE), but the reduced water input often limits plant growth and nutrient uptake. The current study examined whether arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) could alleviate abiotic stress caused by low phosphorus (P) fertilization and DI.A greenhouse experiment was conducted with potato grown with (P1) or without (P0) P fertilization, with AMF (M1+:Rhizophagus irregularisor M2+:Glomus proliferum) or AMF-free control (M−) and subjected to full irrigation (FI), DI or partial root-zone drying (PRD).Inoculation of M1+ and M2+ maintained or improved plant growth and P/nitrogen (N) uptake when subjected to DI/PRD and P0. However, the positive responses to AMF varied with P level and irrigation regime. Functional differences were found in ability of AMF species alleviating plant stress. The largest positive plant biomass response to M1+ and M2+ was found under FI, both at P1 and P0 (25% increase), while plant biomass response to M1+ and M2+ under DI/PRD (14% increase) was significantly smaller. The large growth response to AMF inoculation, particularly under FI, may relate to greater photosynthetic capacity and leaf area, probably caused by stimulation of plant P/N uptake and carbon partitioning toward roots and tubers. However, plant growth response to AMF was not related to the percentage of AMF root colonization. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can maintain and improve P/N uptake, WUE and growth of plants both at high/low P levels and under FI/DI. If this is also the case under field conditions, it should be implemented for sustainable potato production.

scholarly journals Phosphate availability and ectomycorrhizal symbiosis with Pinus sylvestris have independent effects on the Paxillus involutus transcriptome

Mycorrhiza ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-83
Author(s):  
Christina Paparokidou ◽  
Jonathan R. Leake ◽  
David J. Beerling ◽  
Stephen A. Rolfe
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Independent Effect ◽  
Paxillus Involutus ◽  
Artificial System ◽  
Transcriptional Responses ◽  
Ectomycorrhizal Symbiosis ◽  
Independent Effects

AbstractMany plant species form symbioses with ectomycorrhizal fungi, which help them forage for limiting nutrients in the soil such as inorganic phosphate (Pi). The transcriptional responses to symbiosis and nutrient-limiting conditions in ectomycorrhizal fungal hyphae, however, are largely unknown. An artificial system was developed to study ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete Paxillus involutus growth in symbiosis with its host tree Pinus sylvestris at different Pi concentrations. RNA-seq analysis was performed on P. involutus hyphae growing under Pi-limiting conditions, either in symbiosis or alone. We show that Pi starvation and ectomycorrhizal symbiosis have an independent effect on the P. involutus transcriptome. Notably, low Pi availability induces expression of newly identified putative high-affinity Pi transporter genes, while reducing the expression of putative organic acid transporters. Additionally, low Pi availability induces a close transcriptional interplay between P and N metabolism. GTP-related signalling was found to have a positive effect in the maintenance of ectomycorrhizal symbiosis, whereas multiple putative cytochrome P450 genes were found to be downregulated, unlike arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. We provide the first evidence of global transcriptional changes induced by low Pi availability and ectomycorrhizal symbiosis in the hyphae of P. involutus, revealing both similarities and differences with better-characterized arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.

Mycorrhizae confer aluminum resistance to tulip-poplar seedlings

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 694-702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heidi B Lux ◽  
Jonathan R Cumming
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Acidic Deposition ◽  
Aluminum Toxicity ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Tree Roots ◽  
Mycorrhizal Plants ◽  
Tulip Poplar ◽  
Poplar Seedlings

Aluminum (Al) toxicity may limit the growth and nutrient acquisition of sensitive tree species in regions receiving acidic deposition. Symbioses between tree roots and mycorrhizal fungi may offset the negative impacts of Al in the root zone. Liriodendron tulipifera L. (tulip-poplar) is an important tree species in the Appalachian Mountains of the southeastern United States and may be at risk from the high levels of acidic deposition in that area. Mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal tulip-poplar seedlings were exposed to Al levels of 0, 50, 100, and 200 µM in sand culture for 6 weeks. Mycorrhizal plants accumulated two to seven times the shoot and root biomass of non-mycorrhizal plants and demonstrated no decreases in biomass with Al exposure. Non-mycorrhizal plants exhibited significant reductions in biomass at and above 100 µM Al. Aluminum toxicity in non-mycorrhizal plants appears to be the result of the disruption of P translocation to leaves and Ca, Mg, P, Cu, and Zn uptake in roots. Mycorrhizal plants accumulated 2 and 1.5 times the concentration of Al in shoots and roots, respectively, indicating that Al resistance was not associated with the exclusion of Al from the plant. Patterns of labile Al in solution, nutrients, and Al accumulation in tissues suggest that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal ecotypes may alter the form or compartmentation of Al within the rhizosphere and plant, thus protecting seedlings from the effects of exposure to Al in the soil solution.

scholarly journals Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi – Their Life and Function in Ecosystem

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michaela Piliarová ◽  
Katarína Ondreičková ◽  
Martina Hudcovicová ◽  
Daniel Mihálik ◽  
Ján Kraic
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Soil Microflora ◽  
Plant Root System ◽  
And Function ◽  
Plant Root Systems

Abstract Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi living in the soil closely collaborate with plants in their root zone and play very important role in their evolution. Their symbiosis stimulates plant growth and resistance to different environmental stresses. Plant root system, extended by mycelium of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, has better capability to reach the water and dissolved nutrients from a much larger volume of soil. This could solve the problem of imminent depletion of phosphate stock, affect plant fertilisation, and contribute to sustainable production of foods, feeds, biofuel, and raw materials. Expanded plant root systems reduce erosion of soil, improve soil quality, and extend the diversity of soil microflora. On the other hand, symbiosis with plants affects species diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and increased plant diversity supports diversity of fungi. This review summarizes the importance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in relation to beneficial potential of their symbiosis with plants, and their function in the ecosystem.

scholarly journals Biological enhancement of mineral weathering by <i>Pinus sylvestris</i> seedlings – effects of plants, ectomycorrhizal fungi, and elevated CO<sub>2</sub>

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas P. Rosenstock ◽  
Patrick A. W. van Hees ◽  
Petra M. A. Fransson ◽  
Roger D. Finlay ◽  
Anna Rosling
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Experimental System ◽  
Mineral Weathering ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Seedling Biomass

Abstract. Better understanding and quantifying the relative influence of plants, associated mycorrhizal fungi, and abiotic factors such as elevated CO2 on biotic weathering is essential to constraining weathering estimates. We employed a column microcosm system to examine the effects of elevated CO2 and Pinus sylvestris seedlings, with or without the ectomycorrhizal fungi Piloderma fallax and Suillus variegatus, on rhizosphere soil solution concentrations of low molecular weight organic acids (LMWOA) and weathering of primary minerals. Seedlings significantly increased mineral weathering, as estimated from elemental budgets of Ca, K, Mg, and Si. Elevated CO2 increased plant growth and LMWOA concentrations, but had no effect on weathering. Colonization by ectomycorrhizal fungi, particularly P. fallax, showed some tendency to increase weathering. LMWOA concentrations correlated with seedling biomass across both CO2 and mycorrhizal treatments, but not with total weathering. We conclude that nutrient uptake, which reduces transport limitation to weathering, is the primary mechanism by which plants enhanced weathering in this system. While the experimental system used departs from conditions in forest soils in a number of ways, these results are in line with weathering studies performed at the ecosystem, macrocosm, and microcosm scale, indicating that nutrient uptake by plants and microbes is an important biological mechanism by which mineral weathering is enhanced.

scholarly journals Biogeography and Diversity of Multi-Trophic Root Zone Microbiomes in Michigan Apple Orchards: Analysis of Rootstock, Scion, and Local Growing Region

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 122-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. F. Bintarti ◽  
J. K. Wilson ◽  
M. A. Quintanilla-Tornel ◽  
A. Shade
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Soil Microbiome ◽  
Bacterial Phyla ◽  
Chemical Factors ◽  
Relative Abundances ◽  
Fruit Orchards ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Growing Region

Soil is a highly heterogeneous environment with many physical and chemical factors that are expected to vary within and across fruit orchards, and many of these factors also drive changes in the soil microbiome. To understand how biogeography influences apple root microbiomes, we characterized the bacterial and archaeal, fungal, nematode, oligochaete, and mycorrhizal communities of the root zone soil (soil adjacent to the tree trunk and expected to be influenced by the plant) across 20 sites that represent the main Michigan apple-producing region. Amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA and internal transcribed spacer genes were performed, as well as direct quantification of nematodes, oligochaetes, and mycorrhizal fungi with microscopy. The microbiome community structures were affected by site and rootstock, but not by scion. Microbiomes had taxa typical of soil, including an archaeal taxon affiliated with family Nitrososphaeraceae, bacterial phyla Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria, and fungal phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. While many taxa were detected in all samples and collectively composed 41.55% of the relative abundances, they had average relative abundances each of less than 1%, with no notable dominance. We used network analysis to understand potential for intertrophic interactions, but detected few cross-kingdom associations. Together, these results show the complexity of the apple root zone microbiome and did not identify obvious biotargets that may universally associate with tree health. This suggests that the key attributes of the apple root zone community may be in the community-level functional traits that are shared and distributed across the membership, rather than by its composition.

Decomposition of indoleacetic acid (IAA) in soil and by bacterial strains isolated from soil and from the root zone of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)

1995 ◽  
Vol 150 (3) ◽  
pp. 265-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewa Raczkowska-Błach ◽  
Henryk Rózycki ◽  
Edmund Strzelczyk ◽  
Aleksandra Pokojska
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Indoleacetic Acid ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Bacterial Strains
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