The common mucosal immune system and current strategies for induction of immune responses in external secretions

1987 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 265-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiri Mestecky
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Mucosal Immune System ◽  
The Common

scholarly journals Differences in Immune Responses Induced by Oral and Rectal Immunizations with Salmonella typhi Ty21a: Evidence for Compartmentalization within the Common Mucosal Immune System in Humans

1998 ◽  
Vol 66 (12) ◽  
pp. 5630-5635 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Kantele ◽  
M. Häkkinen ◽  
Z. Moldoveanu ◽  
A. Lu ◽  
E. Savilahti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Intestinal Secretion ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Oral Immunization ◽  
Mucosal Immune System ◽  
Antigen Delivery ◽  
The Common ◽  
Almost All

ABSTRACT Based on the concept of the common mucosal immune system, immunization at various inductive sites can induce an immune response at other, remote mucosal surfaces. The immune responses elicited through rectal and oral routes of antigen delivery were compared with respect to (i) measurement of antibody responses in serum and various external secretions of the vaccinees and (ii) characterization of the nature and homing potentials of circulating antibody-secreting cells (ASC). Specific ASC appeared in the circulation in 4 of 5 volunteers after oral and 9 of 11 volunteers after rectal immunization withSalmonella typhi Ty21a. The kinetics, magnitude, and immunoglobulin isotype distribution of the ASC responses were similar in the two groups. In both groups, almost all ASC (99 or 95% after oral or rectal immunization, respectively) expressed α4β7, the gut homing receptor (HR), whereas l-selectin, the peripheral lymph node HR, was expressed only on 22 or 38% of ASC, respectively. Oral immunization elicited a more pronounced immune response in saliva and vaginal secretion, while rectal immunization was more potent in inducing a response in nasal secretion, rectum, and tears. No major differences were found in the abilities of the two immunization routes to induce a response in serum or intestinal secretion. Thus, the rectal antigen delivery should be considered as an alternative to the oral immunization route. The different immune response profiles found in various secretions after oral versus rectal antigen administration provide evidence for a compartmentalization within the common mucosal immune system in humans.

NALT M cells are important for immune induction for the common mucosal immune system

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (10) ◽  
pp. 471-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuhiro Date ◽  
Masashi Ebisawa ◽  
Shinji Fukuda ◽  
Hideaki Shima ◽  
Yuuki Obata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Mucosal Immune System ◽  
M Cells ◽  
The Common

scholarly journals Modified Immunogenicity of a Mucosally Administered Antigen

2001 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 540-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard L. Gregory
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immunoglobulin A ◽  
Human Saliva ◽  
Mucosal Immune System ◽  
Antigenic Determinants ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
The Common

ABSTRACT Streptococcus mutans is present in the saliva of most individuals and is modified by salivary components bound to the cells. These saliva-bound S. mutans are swallowed, exposed to high levels of acidity in the stomach, and presented to the common mucosal immune system. Much effort has been directed to identifying the specific S. mutans antigens that the mucosal immune responses are directed against. However, little is known about the host-altered antigenic determinants that the mucosal immune system recognizes. The immunogenicity of gastrically intubated untreatedS. mutans cells, cells coated with whole human saliva, cells treated with HCl (pH 2.0), and saliva-coated and acid-treated cells in mice was investigated. Saliva and serum samples were assayed by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgG antibodies, respectively, against the untreated or treated S. mutans cells. In general, the levels of salivary IgA and serum IgG antibodies to the antigen against which the mice were immunized were significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05). In addition, human saliva and serum samples from 12 subjects were assayed for naturally occurring antibody against the untreated or treated S. mutans cells. In every case, significantly higher reactivity was directed against the saliva-coated and acid-treated cells followed by the saliva-coated S. mutans. These results provide evidence for the altered immunogenicity of swallowed S. mutans in humans by coating native S. mutans antigens with salivary components and/or denaturing surface S. mutans antigens in the acidic environment of the stomach, which would lead to an immune response to modified S. mutans determinants and not to native S. mutans antigens.

The common mucosal immune system in the human genital tract and mammary gland

1989 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
J Mestecky ◽  
W.H Kutteh ◽  
I Ladjeva ◽  
J.H Peterman
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Genital Tract ◽  
Mucosal Immune System ◽  
The Common

Immunophysiology of the gut: a research frontier for integrative studies of the common mucosal immune system

1993 ◽  
Vol 265 (4) ◽  
pp. G599-G610 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Castro ◽  
C. J. Arntzen
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Mucosal Immune System ◽  
Health Maintenance ◽  
The Past ◽  
Integrative Studies ◽  
Central Nervous Systems ◽  
The Common ◽  
New Research ◽  
Induced Changes

This review highlights work that, within the past decade, transformed mucosal immunophysiology from a hypothetical concept to a fully recognized interdiscipline. The regulation of epithelial and smooth muscle functions by the mucosal immune system represents an exquisitely sensitive adaptation to local antigenic challenge. Furthermore, immunologic cells communicate with nerves via paracrine secretions to rapidly transduce antigenic signals into panmucosal changes in function. These local immunocyte-nerve interactions are modulated by the autonomic and central nervous systems. Because of the common mucosal immune system, antigen-induced changes similar to those occurring in the intestine and colon are predicted to occur in mucosa of all hollow organs. The drawing together of fields as diverse as medicine and agriculture underscores the scope of areas encompassed by immunophysiology. Newly acquired knowledge has positioned the field to advance rapidly in both basic and applied directions. Forces that will remodel the field in the next decade will be derived from public concerns about human health maintenance and the explosive and novel use of new research tools stemming from molecular biology. These forces will draw on and advance our knowledge in areas as diverse as vaccine development and prevention of allergic reactions to foods, bioengineered foods in particular.

scholarly journals The development of the mucosal immune system pre- and post-weaning: balancing regulatory and effector function

2005 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 451-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Bailey ◽  
K. Haverson ◽  
C. Inman ◽  
C. Harris ◽  
P. Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Young Animal ◽  
Intestinal Flora ◽  
Mucosal Immune System ◽  
Control Points ◽  
Critical Control Points ◽  
Intestinal Immune System ◽  
Secondary Function ◽  
Local Generation

The mucosal immune system fulfils the primary function of defence against potential pathogens that may enter across vulnerable surface epithelia. However, a secondary function of the intestinal immune system is to discriminate between pathogen-associated and ‘harmless’ antigens, expressing active responses against the former and tolerance to the latter. Control of immune responses appears to be an active process, involving local generation of IgA and of regulatory and/or regulated T lymphocytes. Two important periods of maximum exposure to novel antigens occur in the young animal, immediately after birth and at weaning. In both cases the antigenic composition of the intestinal contents can shift suddenly, as a result of a novel diet and of colonisation by novel strains and species of bacteria. Changes in lifestyles of man, and husbandry of animals, have resulted in weaning becoming much more abrupt than previously in evolution, increasing the number of antigens that must be simultaneously evaluated by neonates. Thus, birth and weaning are likely to represent hazard and critical control points in the development of appropriate responses to pathogens and harmless dietary and commensal antigens. Neonates are born with relatively undeveloped mucosal immune systems. At birth this factor may prevent both expression of active immune responses and development of tolerance. However, colonisation by intestinal flora expands the mucosal immune system in antigen-specific and non-specific ways. At weaning antibody to fed proteins can be detected, indicating active immune responses to fed proteins. It is proposed that under normal conditions the ability of the mucosal immune system to mount active responses to foreign antigens develops simultaneously with the ability to control and regulate such responses. Problems arise when one or other arm of the immune system develops inappropriately, resulting in inappropriate effector responses to harmless food proteins (allergy) or inadequate responses to pathogens (disease susceptibility).

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