scholarly journals The development of the mucosal immune system pre- and post-weaning: balancing regulatory and effector function

2005 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 451-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Bailey ◽  
K. Haverson ◽  
C. Inman ◽  
C. Harris ◽  
P. Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Young Animal ◽  
Intestinal Flora ◽  
Mucosal Immune System ◽  
Control Points ◽  
Critical Control Points ◽  
Intestinal Immune System ◽  
Secondary Function ◽  
Local Generation

The mucosal immune system fulfils the primary function of defence against potential pathogens that may enter across vulnerable surface epithelia. However, a secondary function of the intestinal immune system is to discriminate between pathogen-associated and ‘harmless’ antigens, expressing active responses against the former and tolerance to the latter. Control of immune responses appears to be an active process, involving local generation of IgA and of regulatory and/or regulated T lymphocytes. Two important periods of maximum exposure to novel antigens occur in the young animal, immediately after birth and at weaning. In both cases the antigenic composition of the intestinal contents can shift suddenly, as a result of a novel diet and of colonisation by novel strains and species of bacteria. Changes in lifestyles of man, and husbandry of animals, have resulted in weaning becoming much more abrupt than previously in evolution, increasing the number of antigens that must be simultaneously evaluated by neonates. Thus, birth and weaning are likely to represent hazard and critical control points in the development of appropriate responses to pathogens and harmless dietary and commensal antigens. Neonates are born with relatively undeveloped mucosal immune systems. At birth this factor may prevent both expression of active immune responses and development of tolerance. However, colonisation by intestinal flora expands the mucosal immune system in antigen-specific and non-specific ways. At weaning antibody to fed proteins can be detected, indicating active immune responses to fed proteins. It is proposed that under normal conditions the ability of the mucosal immune system to mount active responses to foreign antigens develops simultaneously with the ability to control and regulate such responses. Problems arise when one or other arm of the immune system develops inappropriately, resulting in inappropriate effector responses to harmless food proteins (allergy) or inadequate responses to pathogens (disease susceptibility).

scholarly journals Maternal Supplementation of Food Ingredient (Prebiotic) or Food Contaminant (Mycotoxin) Influences Mucosal Immune System in Piglets

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 2115
Author(s):  
Stéphanie Ferret-Bernard ◽  
Laurence Le Normand ◽  
Véronique Romé ◽  
Cindy Le Bourgot ◽  
Julie Seeboth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Lamina Propria ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Mucosal Immune System ◽  
Food Ingredient ◽  
Intestinal Immune System ◽  
Maternal Supplementation ◽  
Antigen Presenting ◽  
The Impact

The early life period is crucial for the maturation of the intestinal barrier, its immune system, and a life-long beneficial host–microbiota interaction. The study aims to assess the impact of a beneficial dietary (short-chain fructooligosaccharides, scFOS) supplementation vs. a detrimental dietary environment (such as mycotoxin deoxynivalenol, DON) on offspring intestinal immune system developmental profiles. Sows were given scFOS-supplemented or DON-contaminated diets during the last 4 weeks of gestation, whereas force-feeding piglets with DON was performed during the first week of offspring life. Intestinal antigen-presenting cell (APC) subset frequency was analyzed by flow cytometry in the Peyer’s patches and in lamina propria and the responsiveness of intestinal explants to toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands was performed using ELISA and qRT-PCR from post-natal day (PND) 10 until PND90. Perinatal exposure with scFOS did not affect the ontogenesis of APC. While it early induced inflammatory responses in piglets, scFOS further promoted the T regulatory response after TLR activation. Sow and piglet DON contamination decreased CD16+ MHCII+ APC at PND10 in lamina propria associated with IFNγ inflammation and impairment of Treg response. Our study demonstrated that maternal prebiotic supplementation and mycotoxin contamination can modulate the mucosal immune system responsiveness of offspring through different pathways.

scholarly journals Avian gut-associated lymphoid tissues and intestinal immune responses to Eimeria parasites.

1996 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
H S Lillehoj ◽  
J M Trout
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Lymphoid Tissues ◽  
Cell Mediated Immunity ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Effector Cells ◽  
Intestinal Immune System ◽  
Eimeria Spp ◽  
Coccidial Infection

Coccidiosis, an intestinal infection caused by intracellular protozoan parasites belonging to several different species of Eimeria, seriously impairs the growth and feed utilization of livestock and poultry. Host immune responses to coccidial infection are complex. Animals infected with Eimeria spp. produce parasite-specific antibodies in both the circulation and mucosal secretions. However, it appears that antibody-mediated responses play a minor role in protection against coccidiosis. Furthermore, there is increasing evidence that cell-mediated immunity plays a major role in resistance to infection. T lymphocytes appear to respond to coccidial infection through both cytokine production and a direct cytotoxic attack on infected cells. The exact mechanisms by which T cells eliminate the parasites, however, remain unclear. Although limited information is available on the intestinal immune system of chickens, gut lymphoid tissues have evolved specialized features that reflect their role as the first line of defense at mucosal surfaces, including both immunoregulatory cells and effector cells. This review summarizes our current understanding of the avian intestinal immune system and mucosal immune responses to Eimeria spp., providing an overview of the complex cellular and molecular events involved in intestinal immune responses to enteric pathogens.

scholarly journals Diet-Regulating Microbiota and Host Immune System in Liver Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 6326
Author(s):  
Jung A. Eom ◽  
Goohyun Kwon ◽  
Nayeon Kim ◽  
Eunju Park ◽  
Sungmin Won ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Chronic Liver Disease ◽  
Chronic Liver ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Control Of Gene Expression ◽  
Cell Functions ◽  
Intestinal Immune System

The gut microbiota has been known to modulate the immune responses in chronic liver diseases. Recent evidence suggests that effects of dietary foods on health care and human diseases are related to both the immune reaction and the microbiome. The gut-microbiome and intestinal immune system play a central role in the control of bacterial translocation-induced liver disease. Dysbiosis, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, translocation, endotoxemia, and the direct effects of metabolites are the main events in the gut-liver axis, and immune responses act on every pathways of chronic liver disease. Microbiome-derived metabolites or bacteria themselves regulate immune cell functions such as recognition or activation of receptors, the control of gene expression by epigenetic change, activation of immune cells, and the integration of cellular metabolism. Here, we reviewed recent reports about the immunologic role of gut microbiotas in liver disease, highlighting the role of diet in chronic liver disease.

scholarly journals Critical roles of bile acids in regulating intestinal mucosal immune responses

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 175628482110180
Author(s):  
Ruicong Sun ◽  
Chunjin Xu ◽  
Baisui Feng ◽  
Xiang Gao ◽  
Zhanju Liu
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Bile Acids ◽  
Molecular Diversity ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Daily Diet ◽  
Intestinal Immune System ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Secondary Bile Acids

Bile acids are a class of cholesterol derivatives that have been known for a long time for their critical roles in facilitating the digestion and absorption of lipid from the daily diet. The transformation of primary bile acids produced by the liver to secondary bile acids appears under the action of microbiota in the intestine, greatly expanding the molecular diversity of the intestinal environment. With the discovery of several new receptors of bile acids and signaling pathways, bile acids are considered as a family of important metabolites that play pleiotropic roles in regulating many aspects of human overall health, especially in the maintenance of the microbiota homeostasis and the balance of the mucosal immune system in the intestine. Accordingly, disruption of the process involved in the metabolism or circulation of bile acids is implicated in many disorders that mainly affect the intestine, such as inflammatory bowel disease and colon cancer. In this review, we discuss the different metabolism profiles in diseases associated with the intestinal mucosa and the diverse roles of bile acids in regulating the intestinal immune system. Furthermore, we also summarize recent advances in the field of new drugs that target bile acid signaling and highlight the importance of bile acids as a new target for disease intervention.

scholarly journals The dark side of the gut: Virome–host interactions in intestinal homeostasis and disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 218 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuhao Li ◽  
Scott A. Handley ◽  
Megan T. Baldridge
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Dark Side ◽  
Animal Host ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Intestinal Immune System ◽  
Viral Communities

The diverse enteric viral communities that infect microbes and the animal host collectively constitute the gut virome. Although recent advances in sequencing and analysis of metaviromes have revealed the complexity of the virome and facilitated discovery of new viruses, our understanding of the enteric virome is still incomplete. Recent studies have uncovered how virome–host interactions can contribute to beneficial or detrimental outcomes for the host. Understanding the complex interactions between enteric viruses and the intestinal immune system is a prerequisite for elucidating their role in intestinal diseases. In this review, we provide an overview of the enteric virome composition and summarize recent findings about how enteric viruses are sensed by and, in turn, modulate host immune responses during homeostasis and disease.

scholarly journals Differences in Immune Responses Induced by Oral and Rectal Immunizations with Salmonella typhi Ty21a: Evidence for Compartmentalization within the Common Mucosal Immune System in Humans

1998 ◽  
Vol 66 (12) ◽  
pp. 5630-5635 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Kantele ◽  
M. Häkkinen ◽  
Z. Moldoveanu ◽  
A. Lu ◽  
E. Savilahti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Intestinal Secretion ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Oral Immunization ◽  
Mucosal Immune System ◽  
Antigen Delivery ◽  
The Common ◽  
Almost All

ABSTRACT Based on the concept of the common mucosal immune system, immunization at various inductive sites can induce an immune response at other, remote mucosal surfaces. The immune responses elicited through rectal and oral routes of antigen delivery were compared with respect to (i) measurement of antibody responses in serum and various external secretions of the vaccinees and (ii) characterization of the nature and homing potentials of circulating antibody-secreting cells (ASC). Specific ASC appeared in the circulation in 4 of 5 volunteers after oral and 9 of 11 volunteers after rectal immunization withSalmonella typhi Ty21a. The kinetics, magnitude, and immunoglobulin isotype distribution of the ASC responses were similar in the two groups. In both groups, almost all ASC (99 or 95% after oral or rectal immunization, respectively) expressed α4β7, the gut homing receptor (HR), whereas l-selectin, the peripheral lymph node HR, was expressed only on 22 or 38% of ASC, respectively. Oral immunization elicited a more pronounced immune response in saliva and vaginal secretion, while rectal immunization was more potent in inducing a response in nasal secretion, rectum, and tears. No major differences were found in the abilities of the two immunization routes to induce a response in serum or intestinal secretion. Thus, the rectal antigen delivery should be considered as an alternative to the oral immunization route. The different immune response profiles found in various secretions after oral versus rectal antigen administration provide evidence for a compartmentalization within the common mucosal immune system in humans.

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