The reflex control of rhythmic motor output during swimming in the scallop

1969 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 318-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Forest Mellon
Keyword(s):  
Motor Output ◽  
Rhythmic Motor ◽  
Reflex Control

A modulatory role for oxygen in shaping rhythmic motor output patterns of neuronal networks

2001 ◽  
Vol 128 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Clemens ◽  
Jean-Charles Massabuau ◽  
Pierre Meyrand ◽  
John Simmers
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Networks ◽  
Motor Output ◽  
Rhythmic Motor

Reflex control of expiratory motor output in dogs

1996 ◽  
pp. 309-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Romaniuk ◽  
T. E. Dick ◽  
G. S. Supinski ◽  
A. F. DiMarco
Keyword(s):  
Motor Output ◽  
Reflex Control

Moving forward: methodological considerations when assessing corticospinal excitability during rhythmic motor output in humans

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evan J Lockyer ◽  
Christopher T Compton ◽  
Davis A. Forman ◽  
Gregory E. Pearcey ◽  
Duane C Button ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Control ◽  
Human Movement ◽  
Human Locomotion ◽  
Corticospinal Excitability ◽  
Motor Output ◽  
Rhythmic Motor ◽  
Arm Cycling ◽  
Physiological Relevance ◽  
The Many ◽  
Methodological Considerations

The use of transcranial magnetic stimulation to assess the excitability of the central nervous system to further understand the neural control of human movement is expansive. The majority of the work performed to-date has assessed corticospinal excitability either at rest or during relatively simple isometric contractions. The results from this work are not easily extrapolated to rhythmic, dynamic motor outputs given that corticospinal excitability is task-, phase-, intensity-, direction- and muscle-dependent (Power et al. 2018). Assessing corticospinal excitability during rhythmic motor output, however, involves technical challenges that are to be overcome, or at the minimum considered, when attempting to design experiments and interpret the physiological relevance of the results. The purpose of this narrative review is to highlight research examining corticospinal excitability during a rhythmic motor output and importantly, to provide recommendations regarding the many factors that must be considered when designing and interpreting findings from studies that involve limb movement. To do so, the majority of work described herein refers to work performed using arm cycling (arm pedaling or arm cranking) as a model of a rhythmic motor output used to examine the neural control of human locomotion.

Contributions of intrinsic motor neuron properties to the production of rhythmic motor output in the mammalian spinal cord

2000 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 649-659 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ole Kiehn ◽  
Ole Kjaerulff ◽  
Matthew C Tresch ◽  
Ronald M Harris-Warrick
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Motor Neuron ◽  
Motor Output ◽  
Rhythmic Motor ◽  
Intrinsic Motor

Antagonistic Effects of Phentolamine and Octopamine on Rhythmic Motor Output of Crayfish Thoracic Ganglia

1999 ◽  
Vol 82 (6) ◽  
pp. 3586-3589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark D. Gill ◽  
Peter Skorupski
Keyword(s):  
Motor Neurons ◽  
Opposite Effect ◽  
Motor Output ◽  
Burst Duration ◽  
Cycle Period ◽  
Nerve Activity ◽  
Locomotor Rhythm ◽  
Pharmacological Modulation ◽  
Thoracic Ganglia ◽  
Rhythmic Motor

Spontaneous rhythmic motor output of crayfish thoracic ganglia consists of bursts of activity in antagonistic leg motor neurons (MNs), alternating with a rather slow cycle period (typically ≥20 s). The most common pattern (77% of preparations) consists of long coxal promotor bursts, the duration of which was correlated strongly with cycle period, and relatively short remotor bursts independent of cycle period. Octopamine, at a concentration of 2–30 μM reversibly retarded this rhythm, increasing both cycle period and promotor burst duration. Higher concentrations of octopamine inhibited promotor nerve activity and abolished rhythmic bursting. Phentolamine (10–50 μM) had the opposite effect of decreasing cycle period, mainly by decreasing promotor burst duration. Whereas in the presence of octopamine promotor bursts were lengthened and became even more strongly related to cycle period, phentolamine promoted a more symmetrical rhythm with shorter promotor bursts that were less dependent on cycle period. When octopamine was applied in the presence of phentolamine, there was no significant increase in cycle period or burst duration, although high octopamine concentrations (100 μM) were still capable of inhibiting promotor nerve activity. To our knowledge, pharmacological modulation of a spontaneous locomotor rhythm by an amine antagonist (applied by itself) has not been reported previously. The results raise the testable possibility that phentolamine exerts its modulatory effects by acting as an octopamine antagonist in crayfish thoracic ganglia.

scholarly journals Vibrissa Myoclonus (Rhythmic Retractions) Driven by Resonance of Excitatory Networks in Motor Cortex

2006 ◽  
Vol 96 (4) ◽  
pp. 1691-1698 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel A. Castro-Alamancos
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Motor Output ◽  
Intrinsic Activity ◽  
Cycle Basis ◽  
Rhythmic Motor

Rodents use rhythmic vibrissae movements to sense the environment. It is currently unclear whether intrinsic activity in the vibrissa motor cortex (vMI) is capable of driving vibrissa movements on a cycle-by-cycle basis. Disinhibition of vMI results in the occurrence of spontaneous 5- to 15-Hz synchronized oscillations. In behaving rats, this synchronous resonance of vMI is shown here to drive contralateral vibrissa movements that are phase-locked to each cycle of the oscillation. In contrast to active whisking during sensing, which consists of active protractions, the vibrissa movements produced by vMI oscillations consisted of rhythmic retractions. The results demonstrate that rhythmic motor cortex output is capable of driving vibrissa movements on a cycle-by-cycle basis. Such motor output may be primarily expressed during abnormal states such as those related to cortical myoclonous, tremors, and cortical seizures.

Central input to primary afferent neurons in crayfish, Pacifastacus leniusculus, is correlated with rhythmic motor output of thoracic ganglia

1986 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 678-688 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. T. Sillar ◽  
P. Skorupski
Keyword(s):  
Motor Neurons ◽  
Motor Pattern ◽  
Reversal Potential ◽  
Motor Output ◽  
Resting Membrane Potential ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Motor Patterns ◽  
Thoracic Ganglia ◽  
Rhythmic Motor ◽  
Receptor Organ

A preparation is described in which the thoracic ganglia of the crayfish are isolated together with the thoracocoxal muscle receptor organ (TCMRO) of the fourth leg. This preparation allows intracellular analysis of both centrally generated and reflex activity in leg motor neurons (MNs). The isolated thoracic ganglia can spontaneously generate a rhythmic motor pattern resembling that used during forward walking (Fig. 4). This involves the reciprocal activity of promotor and remotor MNs, with levator MNs firing in phase with promotor bursts. Stretch of the TCMRO in quiescent preparations evokes a resistance reflex in promotor MNs (Fig. 6). In more active preparations the response is variable and often becomes an assistance reflex, with excitation of remotor MNs on stretch (Fig. 7). When rhythmic motor patterns occur, the neuropilar processes of the S and T fibers receive central inputs that are strongly correlated with the oscillatory drive to the MNs and probably have the same origin (Figs. 8 and 9). Central inputs to the S and T fibers occur in opposite phases within a cycle of rhythmic motor output. The S fiber is depolarized in phase with promotor MNs and the T fiber in phase with remotor activity. The input to the T fiber is shown to be a chemical synaptic drive that has a reversal potential approximately 14 mV more depolarized than the fiber's resting membrane potential. This input substantially modulates the amplitude and waveform of passively propagated receptor potentials generated by TCMRO stretch (Fig. 11). It is argued that the central inputs to the TCMRO afferents will modulate proprioceptive feedback resulting from voluntary movements.

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