scholarly journals A Combinatorial Premotor Neural Code: Transformation Of Sensory Information Into Meaningful Rhythmic Motor Output By A Network Of Heterogeneous Modulatory Neurons

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher John Goldsmith
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Information ◽  
Neural Code ◽  
Motor Output ◽  
Code Transformation ◽  
Rhythmic Motor

A modulatory role for oxygen in shaping rhythmic motor output patterns of neuronal networks

2001 ◽  
Vol 128 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Clemens ◽  
Jean-Charles Massabuau ◽  
Pierre Meyrand ◽  
John Simmers
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Networks ◽  
Motor Output ◽  
Rhythmic Motor

scholarly journals Distance estimation from monocular cues in an ethological visuomotor task

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip R L Parker ◽  
Eliott T T Abe ◽  
Natalie T Beatie ◽  
Emmalyn S P Leonard ◽  
Dylan M Martins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Stereo Vision ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Motion Parallax ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Distance Estimation ◽  
Motor Output ◽  
Head Movements ◽  
Visuomotor Task ◽  
Head Fixation

In natural contexts, sensory processing and motor output are closely coupled, which is reflected in the fact that many brain areas contain both sensory and movement signals. However, standard reductionist paradigms decouple sensory decisions from their natural motor consequences, and head-fixation prevents the natural sensory consequences of self-motion. In particular, movement through the environment provides a number of depth cues beyond stereo vision that are poorly understood. To study the integration of visual processing and motor output in a naturalistic task, we investigated distance estimation in freely moving mice. We found that mice use vision to accurately jump across a variable gap, thus directly coupling a visual computation to its corresponding ethological motor output. Monocular eyelid suture did not affect performance, thus mice can use cues that do not depend on binocular disparity and stereo vision. Under monocular conditions, mice performed more vertical head movements, consistent with the use of motion parallax cues, and optogenetic suppression of primary visual cortex impaired task performance. Together, these results show that mice can use monocular cues, relying on visual cortex, to accurately judge distance. Furthermore, this behavioral paradigm provides a foundation for studying how neural circuits convert sensory information into ethological motor output.

Moving forward: methodological considerations when assessing corticospinal excitability during rhythmic motor output in humans

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evan J Lockyer ◽  
Christopher T Compton ◽  
Davis A. Forman ◽  
Gregory E. Pearcey ◽  
Duane C Button ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Control ◽  
Human Movement ◽  
Human Locomotion ◽  
Corticospinal Excitability ◽  
Motor Output ◽  
Rhythmic Motor ◽  
Arm Cycling ◽  
Physiological Relevance ◽  
The Many ◽  
Methodological Considerations

The use of transcranial magnetic stimulation to assess the excitability of the central nervous system to further understand the neural control of human movement is expansive. The majority of the work performed to-date has assessed corticospinal excitability either at rest or during relatively simple isometric contractions. The results from this work are not easily extrapolated to rhythmic, dynamic motor outputs given that corticospinal excitability is task-, phase-, intensity-, direction- and muscle-dependent (Power et al. 2018). Assessing corticospinal excitability during rhythmic motor output, however, involves technical challenges that are to be overcome, or at the minimum considered, when attempting to design experiments and interpret the physiological relevance of the results. The purpose of this narrative review is to highlight research examining corticospinal excitability during a rhythmic motor output and importantly, to provide recommendations regarding the many factors that must be considered when designing and interpreting findings from studies that involve limb movement. To do so, the majority of work described herein refers to work performed using arm cycling (arm pedaling or arm cranking) as a model of a rhythmic motor output used to examine the neural control of human locomotion.

Contributions of intrinsic motor neuron properties to the production of rhythmic motor output in the mammalian spinal cord

2000 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 649-659 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ole Kiehn ◽  
Ole Kjaerulff ◽  
Matthew C Tresch ◽  
Ronald M Harris-Warrick
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Motor Neuron ◽  
Motor Output ◽  
Rhythmic Motor ◽  
Intrinsic Motor

scholarly journals A moving topic: control and dynamics of animal locomotion

2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 387-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Biewener ◽  
Thomas Daniel
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Information ◽  
Sensory Systems ◽  
Research Topic ◽  
Motor Output ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Animal Locomotion ◽  
Available Energy ◽  
Integrative Research ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Evolutionary Consequences

Animal locomotion arises from complex interactions among sensory systems, processing of sensory information into patterns of motor output, the musculo-skeletal dynamics that follow motor stimulation, and the interaction of appendages and body parts with the environment. These processes conspire to produce motions and forces that permit stunning manoeuvres with important ecological and evolutionary consequences. Thus, the habitats that animals may exploit, their ability to escape predators or attack prey, their capacity to manoeuvre and turn, or the use of their available energy all depend upon the processes that determine locomotion. Here, we summarize a series of 10 papers focused on this integrative research topic.

Antagonistic Effects of Phentolamine and Octopamine on Rhythmic Motor Output of Crayfish Thoracic Ganglia

1999 ◽  
Vol 82 (6) ◽  
pp. 3586-3589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark D. Gill ◽  
Peter Skorupski
Keyword(s):  
Motor Neurons ◽  
Opposite Effect ◽  
Motor Output ◽  
Burst Duration ◽  
Cycle Period ◽  
Nerve Activity ◽  
Locomotor Rhythm ◽  
Pharmacological Modulation ◽  
Thoracic Ganglia ◽  
Rhythmic Motor

Spontaneous rhythmic motor output of crayfish thoracic ganglia consists of bursts of activity in antagonistic leg motor neurons (MNs), alternating with a rather slow cycle period (typically ≥20 s). The most common pattern (77% of preparations) consists of long coxal promotor bursts, the duration of which was correlated strongly with cycle period, and relatively short remotor bursts independent of cycle period. Octopamine, at a concentration of 2–30 μM reversibly retarded this rhythm, increasing both cycle period and promotor burst duration. Higher concentrations of octopamine inhibited promotor nerve activity and abolished rhythmic bursting. Phentolamine (10–50 μM) had the opposite effect of decreasing cycle period, mainly by decreasing promotor burst duration. Whereas in the presence of octopamine promotor bursts were lengthened and became even more strongly related to cycle period, phentolamine promoted a more symmetrical rhythm with shorter promotor bursts that were less dependent on cycle period. When octopamine was applied in the presence of phentolamine, there was no significant increase in cycle period or burst duration, although high octopamine concentrations (100 μM) were still capable of inhibiting promotor nerve activity. To our knowledge, pharmacological modulation of a spontaneous locomotor rhythm by an amine antagonist (applied by itself) has not been reported previously. The results raise the testable possibility that phentolamine exerts its modulatory effects by acting as an octopamine antagonist in crayfish thoracic ganglia.

scholarly journals Large-scale two-photon imaging revealed super-sparse population codes in the V1 superficial layer of awake monkeys

eLife ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiming Tang ◽  
Yimeng Zhang ◽  
Zhihao Li ◽  
Ming Li ◽  
Fang Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Superficial Layer ◽  
Neural Code ◽  
Natural Image ◽  
Large Set ◽  
Two Photon

One general principle of sensory information processing is that the brain must optimize efficiency by reducing the number of neurons that process the same information. The sparseness of the sensory representations in a population of neurons reflects the efficiency of the neural code. Here, we employ large-scale two-photon calcium imaging to examine the responses of a large population of neurons within the superficial layers of area V1 with single-cell resolution, while simultaneously presenting a large set of natural visual stimuli, to provide the first direct measure of the population sparseness in awake primates. The results show that only 0.5% of neurons respond strongly to any given natural image — indicating a ten-fold increase in the inferred sparseness over previous measurements. These population activities are nevertheless necessary and sufficient to discriminate visual stimuli with high accuracy, suggesting that the neural code in the primary visual cortex is both super-sparse and highly efficient.

Evidence for Distinct, Differentially Adaptable Sensorimotor Transformations for Reaches to Visual and Proprioceptive Targets

2007 ◽  
Vol 98 (3) ◽  
pp. 1815-1819 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre-Michel Bernier ◽  
Gabriel M. Gauthier ◽  
Jean Blouin
Keyword(s):  
Target Location ◽  
Sensory Modality ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Motor Output ◽  
Reaching Movement ◽  
Sensorimotor Transformations ◽  
Visual Targets ◽  
Adaptation Phase ◽  
Do So

Recent evidence suggests that planning a reaching movement entails similar stages and common networks irrespective of whether the target location is defined through visual or proprioceptive cues. Here we test whether the transformations that convert the sensory information regarding target location into the required motor output are common for both types of reaches. To do so, we adaptively modified these sensorimotor transformations through exposure to displacing prisms and hypothesized that if they are common to both types of reaches, the aftereffects observed for reaches to visual targets would generalize to reaches to a proprioceptive target. Subjects ( n = 16) were divided into two groups that differed with respect to the sensory modality of the targets (visual or proprioceptive) used in the pre- and posttests. The adaptation phase was identical for both groups and consisted of movements toward visual targets while wearing 10.5° horizontally displacing prisms. We observed large aftereffects consistent with the magnitude of the prism-induced shift when reaching toward visual targets in the posttest, but no significant aftereffects for movements toward the proprioceptive target. These results provide evidence that distinct, differentially adaptable sensorimotor transformations underlie the planning of reaches to visual and proprioceptive targets.

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