Hairpin Plasmids from the Plant Pathogenic Fungi Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium oxysporum

2007 ◽  
pp. 227-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teruyoshi Hashiba ◽  
Atsushi Nagasaka
Keyword(s):  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Fungi

scholarly journals Susceptibility of different parsley cultivars to infestation by pathogenic fungi

2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacek Nawrocki
Keyword(s):  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Fusarium Avenaceum ◽  
Damping Off ◽  
Stemphylium Botryosum ◽  
Cylindrocarpon Destructans ◽  
Second Year

The experiments were carried out in the years 2002 and 2003 on parsley seeds of 6 cultivars: Alba, Berlińska, Cukrowa, Kinga, Lenka, and Vistula. Mycological analysis of parsley seeds showed that the most common inhabitans were fungi from genus <i>Alternaria</i> (mainly <i>A. alternata</i> and <i>A. radicina</i>) and <i>Fusarium</i>, especially <i>F. avenaceum</i> and <i>F. oxysporum</i>. During the glasshouse investigations fungi <i>Alternaria radicina</i>, <i>A. alternata</i> and <i>Fusarium avenaceum</i> were the main reason for parsley damping-off. The highest number of infected seedlings was observed for Berlińska and Kinga, because in both years of experiments these cultivars had the lowest number of healthy seedlings. The highest number of healthy seedlings had cultivars Alba and Lenka, especially in the second year of experiments. In the field experiments not only fungi from genus <i>Alternaria</i> and <i>Fusarium</i> were the most often isolated from diseased parsley seedlings. <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i> was more often isolated from diseased field seedlings than from glasshouse parsley seedlings. Other fungies isolated often from parsley seedlings cultivated in the field were: <i>Pythium</i> spp., <i>Rhizoctonia solani</i>, <i>Cylindrocarpon destructans</i> and <i>Stemphylium botryosum</i>.

Effect of Dinitroanilines on Solanaceous Vegetables and Soil Fungi

Weed Science ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 243-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Eshel ◽  
J. Katan
Keyword(s):  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Root Elongation ◽  
Soil Fungi ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Crop Tolerance ◽  
Low Toxicity ◽  
Black Beauty ◽  
Sensitive Fungus

The phytotoxicities of four substituted dinitroanilines,N-butyl-N-ethyl-α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-p-toluidine (benefin), 2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropylcumidine (isopropalin), 4-(methylsulfonyl)-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropylaniline (nitralin), and α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine (trifluralin), to eggplant(Solarium melongenaL. ‘Black Beauty’), pepper(Capsicum annuumL. ‘Vindale’), and tomato(Lycopersicon esculentumMill. ‘VF 145-B-7879′) were studied. Nitralin and trifluralin were most active in inhibiting root elongation and top growth of these plants, the effect of benefin was intermediate, and isopropalin was the least active herbicide. The order of crop tolerance was as follows: tomato > pepper > eggplant. The effect of these herbicides on two pathogenic fungi,Rhizoctonia solaniKuehn andFusarium oxysporumf. sp.lycopersici(Sacc.) Snyd. and Hans. was tested in culture and was found to be quantitatively and qualitatively different from that on plants. With both fungi benefin and trifluralin were more toxic than isopropalin, while nitralin showed a very low toxicity.R. solaniwas the less sensitive fungus.

scholarly journals A pair of effectors encoded on a conditionally dispensable chromosome of Fusarium oxysporum suppress host-specific immunity

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Ayukawa ◽  
Shuta Asai ◽  
Pamela Gan ◽  
Ayako Tsushima ◽  
Yasunori Ichihashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Host Specificity ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Effector Genes ◽  
Dispensable Chromosome ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractMany plant pathogenic fungi contain conditionally dispensable (CD) chromosomes that are associated with virulence, but not growth in vitro. Virulence-associated CD chromosomes carry genes encoding effectors and/or host-specific toxin biosynthesis enzymes that may contribute to determining host specificity. Fusarium oxysporum causes devastating diseases of more than 100 plant species. Among a large number of host-specific forms, F. oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans (Focn) can infect Brassicaceae plants including Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and cabbage. Here we show that Focn has multiple CD chromosomes. We identified specific CD chromosomes that are required for virulence on Arabidopsis, cabbage, or both, and describe a pair of effectors encoded on one of the CD chromosomes that is required for suppression of Arabidopsis-specific phytoalexin-based immunity. The effector pair is highly conserved in F. oxysporum isolates capable of infecting Arabidopsis, but not of other plants. This study provides insight into how host specificity of F. oxysporum may be determined by a pair of effector genes on a transmissible CD chromosome.

scholarly journals Development of a Low-Cost Electronic Nose for Detection of Pathogenic Fungi and Applying It to Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizoctonia solani

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (17) ◽  
pp. 5868
Author(s):  
Piotr Borowik ◽  
Leszek Adamowicz ◽  
Rafał Tarakowski ◽  
Przemysław Wacławik ◽  
Tomasz Oszako ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Electronic Nose ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Classification Performance ◽  
Electronic Noses ◽  
Machine Learning Classification ◽  
Metal Oxide Gas Sensors

Electronic noses can be applied as a rapid, cost-effective option for several applications. This paper presents the results of measurements of samples of two pathogenic fungi, Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizoctonia solani, performed using two constructions of a low-cost electronic nose. The first electronic nose used six non-specific Figaro Inc. metal oxide gas sensors. The second one used ten sensors from only two models (TGS 2602 and TGS 2603) operating at different heater voltages. Sets of features describing the shapes of the measurement curves of the sensors’ responses when exposed to the odours were extracted. Machine learning classification models using the logistic regression method were created. We demonstrated the possibility of applying the low-cost electronic nose data to differentiate between the two studied species of fungi with acceptable accuracy. Improved classification performance could be obtained, mainly for measurements using TGS 2603 sensors operating at different voltage conditions.

scholarly journals The Elicitation Effect of Pathogenic Fungi on Trichodermin Production byTrichoderma brevicompactum

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xu-Ping Shentu ◽  
Wei-Ping Liu ◽  
Xiao-Huan Zhan ◽  
Xiao-Ping Yu ◽  
Chuan-Xi Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Alternaria Solani ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Colletotrichum Lindemuthianum ◽  
Thanatephorus Cucumeris ◽  
Optimum Time

The effects of six species of phytopathogenic fungi mycelia as elicitors on trichodermin yield byTrichoderma brevicompactumwere investigated. Neither nonviable nor viable mycelia ofBotrytis cinerea,Alternaria solani,Colletotrichum lindemuthianum,andThanatephorus cucumerisdemonstrated any elicitation on the accumulation of trichodermin. However, the production of trichodermin was increased by the presence of viable/nonviableRhizoctonia solaniandFusarium oxysporummycelia. The strongest elicitation effect was found at the presence of nonviableR. solani. At the presence of nonviableR. solani, the maximum yield of trichodermin (144.55 mg/L) was significantly higher than the Control (67.8 mg/L), and the cultivation time to obtain the maximum yield of trichodermin decreased from 72 h to 60 h. No difference of trichodermin accumulation was observed by changing the concentration of nonviableR. solanifrom 0.1 to 1.6 g/L. It was observed that the optimum time for adding nonviableR. solaniis immediately after inoculation. The diameter ofT. brevicompactummycelial globule after 72 h cultivation with nonviableR. solanielicitor was smaller than that of the Control.

scholarly journals A partial pathogenicity chromosome in Fusarium oxysporum is sufficient to cause disease and can be horizontally transferred

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiming Li ◽  
Like Fokkens ◽  
Lee James Conneely ◽  
Martijn Rep
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Chromosome Deletion ◽  
Accessory Genome ◽  
Accessory Chromosome ◽  
Fungal Genomes ◽  
Minimal Region

AbstractDuring host colonization, plant pathogenic fungi secrete proteins, called effectors, to facilitate infection. Collectively, effectors may defeat the plant immune system, but usually not all effectors are equally important for infecting a particular host plant. In Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici, all known effector genes – also called SIX genes – are located on a single accessory chromosome which is required for pathogenicity and can also be horizontally transferred to another strain. To narrow down the minimal region required for virulence, we selected partial pathogenicity chromosome deletion strains by fluorescence-assisted cell sorting of a strain in which the two arms of the pathogenicity chromosome were labelled with GFP and RFP, respectively. By testing the virulence of these deletion mutants, we show that the complete long arm and part of the short arm of the pathogenicity chromosome are not required for virulence. In addition, we demonstrate that smaller versions of the pathogenicity chromosome can also be transferred to a non-pathogenic strain and they are sufficient to turn the non-pathogen into a pathogen. Surprisingly, originally non-pathogenic strains that had received a smaller version of the pathogenicity chromosome were much more aggressive than recipients with a complete pathogenicity chromosome. Whole genome sequencing analysis revealed that partial deletions of the pathogenicity chromosome occurred mainly close to repeats, and that spontaneous duplication of sequences in accessory regions is frequent both in chromosome deletion strains and in horizontal transfer (recipient) strains.Author SummaryFungal genomes can often be divided into a core genome, which is essential for growth, and an accessory genome which is dispensable. The accessory genome in fungi can be beneficial under some conditions. For example, in some plant-pathogenic fungi, virulence genes are present in the accessory genome, which enable these fungi to cause disease on certain hosts. In Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici, which infects tomato, all host-specific virulence genes are located on a single accessory chromosome. This ‘pathogenicity chromosome’ can be horizontally transferred between strains. Here, we found that many suspected virulence genes are in fact not required for virulence because strains without a large part of the pathogenicity chromosome, including these genes, showed no reduced virulence. In addition, we demonstrate that partial pathogenicity chromosomes can be horizontally transferred to a non-pathogen. Surprisingly, originally non-pathogenic strains that had received a partial pathogenicity chromosome were more virulent than strains that had received the complete pathogenicity chromosome.

scholarly journals A pair of effectors encoded on a conditionally dispensable chromosome of Fusarium oxysporum suppress host-specific immunity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Ayukawa ◽  
Shuta Asai ◽  
Pamela Gan ◽  
Ayako Tsushima ◽  
Yasunori Ichihashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Host Specificity ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Effector Genes ◽  
Dispensable Chromosome ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Atypical Feature ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractMany plant pathogenic fungi contain conditionally dispensable (CD) chromosomes that are associated with virulence, but not growth in vitro. Virulence-associated CD chromosomes carry genes encoding effectors and/or host-specific toxin biosynthesis enzymes that may contribute significantly to determining host specificity. Fusarium oxysporum causes devastating diseases of more than 100 plant species. Among a large number of host-specific forms, F. oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans (Focn) can infect Brassicaceae plants including Arabidopsis and cabbage. Here we show that Focn has multiple CD chromosomes involved in virulence but also in vegetative growth, which is an atypical feature of CD chromosomes. We identified specific CD chromosomes that are required for virulence on Arabidopsis, cabbage, or both, and describe a pair of effectors encoded on one of the CD chromosomes that is required for suppression of Arabidopsis-specific phytoalexin-based immunity. The effector pair is highly conserved in F. oxysporum isolates capable of infecting Arabidopsis, but not of other plants. This study provides insight into how host specificity of F. oxysporum may be determined by a pair of effector genes on a transmissible CD chromosome.

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