Food and Dairy Products, Applications of Atomic Spectroscopy

The field ion microscope (FIM) has had the ability to routinely image the surface atoms of metals since Mueller perfected it in 1956. Since 1967, the TOF Atom Probe has had single atom sensitivity in conjunction with the FIM. “Why then hasn't the FIM enjoyed the success of the electron microscope?” The answer is closely related to the evolution of FIM/Atom Probe techniques and the available technology. This paper will review this evolution from Mueller's early discoveries, to the development of a viable commercial instrument. It will touch upon some important contributions of individuals and groups, but will not attempt to be all inclusive. Variations in instrumentation that define the class of problems for which the FIM/AP is uniquely suited and those for which it is not will be described. The influence of high electric fields inherent to the technique on the specimens studied will also be discussed. The specimen geometry as it relates to preparation, statistical sampling and compatibility with the TEM will be examined.

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Dairy products – production, price, and livestock kept for milk: 1830–1999

Historical Statistics of the United States: Millennial Edition Online ◽

10.1017/isbn-9780511132971.da661-1062 ◽

2010 ◽

Author(s):

Alan L. Olmstead ◽

Paul W. Rhode

Keyword(s):

Dairy Products

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How to Maintain a Healthy Body Weight

International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research ◽

10.1024/0300-9831.76.4.208 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 76 (4) ◽

pp. 208-215 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Astrup

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Weight Loss ◽

Body Weight ◽

Glycemic Index ◽

Dairy Products ◽

Weight Control ◽

Healthy Body Weight ◽

Healthy Body

The epidemic of both obesity and type 2 diabetes is due to environmental factors, but the individuals developing the conditions possess a strong genetic predisposition. Observational surveys and intervention studies have shown that excess body fatness is the major environmental cause of type 2 diabetes, and that even a minor weight loss can prevent its development in high-risk subjects. Maintenance of a healthy body weight in susceptible individuals requires 45–60 minutes physical activity daily, a fat-reduced diet with plenty of fruit, vegetables, whole grain, and lean meat and dairy products, and moderate consumption of calorie containing beverages. The use of table values to predict the glycemic index of meals is of little – if any – value, and the role of a low-glycemic index diet for body weight control is controversial. The replacement of starchy carbohydrates with protein from lean meat and lean dairy products enhances satiety, and facilitate weight control. It is possible that dairy calcium also promotes weight loss, although the mechanism of action remains unclear. A weight loss of 5–10% can be induced in almost all obese patients providing treatment is offered by a professional team consisting of a physician and dieticians or nurses trained to focus on weight loss and maintenance. Whereas increasing daily physical activity and regular exercise does not significantly effect the rate of weight loss in the induction phase, it plays an important role in the weight maintenance phase due to an impact on daily energy expenditure and also to a direct enhancement of insulin sensitivity.

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