Removal of cyanobacterial toxins in water treatment processes: Laboratory and pilot-scale experiments

1988 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 643-656 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Keijola ◽  
K. Himberg ◽  
A. L. Esala ◽  
K. Sivonen ◽  
L. Hiis-Virta
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Cyanobacterial Toxins ◽  
Treatment Processes

Advanced membrane technology for application to water treatment

1998 ◽  
Vol 37 (10) ◽  
pp. 91-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasumoto Magara ◽  
Shoichi Kunikane ◽  
Masaki Itoh
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Organic Contaminants ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Membrane Technology ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Further Development ◽  
By Products

Following the successful implementation of the ‘MAC21’ Project, the ‘New MAC21’ Project is being implemented for further development of membrane technology in Japan. The project includes various pilot-scale and laboratory experiments on 1) nanofiltration system, and 2) MF/UF system combined with advanced treatment processes such as activated carbon treatment, ozonation and biological treatment. As the result, it has been shown that both systems are applicable to drinking water treatment. Although a NF system was very effective for the removal of organic contaminants such as precursors of disinfection by-products, it is considered that the development of a proper treatment method for the concentrate will be very important in the future.

Algal Removal Studies on a Pilot Scale Water Treatment Plant at Loch Leven, Kinross

1974 ◽  
Vol 74 ◽  
pp. 183-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Johnson ◽  
M. R. Farley ◽  
R. E. Youngman
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Chemical Quality ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Loch Leven ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Removal Studies

SynopsisDuring 1970 a pilot-scale water treatment plant was operated at Loch Leven to investigate the feasibility of producing a potable water from such a source.The study showed that while no particular problems were encountered in producing a water of satisfactory chemical quality it was rarely possible to produce a water of satisfactory biological quality. This was due to the fact that the water treatment processes investigated were unable to retain sufficiently large numbers of the small algae so characteristic of Loch Leven and as a consequence the finished water nearly always contained unacceptably high numbers of algae.

Evaluation of Drinking Water Treatment Alternatives for Taste and Odour Reduction

1984 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-131
Author(s):  
N. Fok ◽  
P.M. Huck ◽  
G.S. Walker ◽  
D.W. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Chlorine Dioxide ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Ethyl Benzene ◽  
The North ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Treatment Alternatives ◽  
The City

Abstract The City of Edmonton draws its drinking water from the North Saskatchewan River. Periodic taste and odour episodes have been related to organic compounds from urban runoff draining into the river. This paper describes the testing of 3 water treatment processes to reduce taste and odour. Chlorine dioxide, ozone and granular activated carbon were evaluated at pilot scale. Ethyl benzene was spiked into the water as a surrogate for taste and odour to permit quantitative comparisons. Under the conditions tested, ozone provided better removals than chlorine dioxide. GAC provided effective removals as well.

Maximizing Energy Recovery from Sludge - Singapore's Approach

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
S.W. Oon ◽  
T.G. Koh ◽  
K.S. Ng ◽  
S.W. Ng ◽  
Y.L. Wah
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Energy Recovery ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Zero Energy ◽  
Total Energy Consumption ◽  
Digestion Process ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Mesophilic Digestion ◽  
To Receive

Recovery of energy from sludge is an important component of PUB's drive towards zero-energy input for used water treatment in its Water Reclamation Plants (WRPs). Driven by this vision, PUB has taken steps to boost biogas production from the conventional mesophilic digestion process via 1) ultrasonic sludge disintegration and 2) co-digestion of greasy waste and used water sludge. From trials in Ulu Pandan WRP, ultrasonic sludge disintegration can boost biogas production by 35%. The paper will describe the pilot-scale trial in detail, including the operational problems that were encountered. In addition, this paper covers the operation of a centralised facility at Jurong WRP - the first of its kind in Asia that has been built to receive fats, oils and greases (FOG) from grease interceptors in Singapore. By blending FOG with thickened sludge (5% TS) before anaerobic digestion, the production of electricity from biogas at Jurong WRP has increased to almost 50% of the total energy consumption necessary for its treatment processes. These exciting initiatives form the cornerstone of PUB's current efforts to reduce the carbon footprint for used water treatment.

Water Treatment Considerations–Aquatic Humus

1983 ◽  
Vol 15 (S2) ◽  
pp. 95-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
E T Gjessing
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Humic Substances ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Cold Climate ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Aquatic Humus ◽  
Treatment Considerations

For several reasons the surface waters in cold climate areas are coloured due to humic substances. There are two major objections against humus in drinking water, the first is concerned with aesthetical and practical problems and the second is due to indirect negative health effects. There are essentially three different methods in use today for the removal or reduction of humus colour in water: (1) Addition of chemicals with the intention of reducing the “solubility”, (2) Addition of chemicals in order to bleach or mineralize the humus, and (3) Filtration with the intention of removal of coloured particles and some of the “soluble” colour. The treatment processes are discussed.

Practical Guide to Determine the Impact of Radon and Other Radionuclides on Water Treatment Processes

1992 ◽  
Vol 26 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 1255-1264
Author(s):  
K. L. Martins
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Packed Tower ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Radioactivity Exposure ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Percent Removal

During treatment of groundwater, radon is often coincidentally removed by processes typically used to remove volatile organic compounds (VOCs)-for example, processes such as liquid-phase granular activated carbon (LGAC) adsorption and air stripping with vapor-phase carbon (VGAC). The removal of radon from drinking water is a positive benefit for the water user; however, the accumulation of radon on activated carbon may cause radiologic hazards for the water treatment plant operators and the spent carbon may be considered a low-level radioactive waste. To date, most literature on radon removal by water treatment processes was based on bench- or residential-scale systems. This paper addresses the impact of radon on municipal and industrial-scale applications. Available data have been used todevelop graphical methods of estimating the radioactivity exposure rates to facility operators and determine the fate of spent carbon. This paper will allow the reader to determine the potential for impact of radon on the system design and operation as follows.Estimate the percent removal of radon from water by LGAC adsorbers and packed tower air strippers. Also, a method to estimate the percent removal of radon by VGAC used for air stripper off-gas will be provided.Estimate if your local radon levels are such that the safety guidelines, suggested by USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency), of 25 mR/yr (0.1 mR/day) for radioactivity exposure may or may not be exceeded.Estimate the disposal requirements of the waste carbon for LGAC systems and VGAC for air stripper “Off-Gas” systems. Options for dealing with high radon levels are presented.

Removal of sulphite-reducing clostridia spores by full-scale water treatment processes as a surrogate for protozoan (oo)cysts removal

2000 ◽  
Vol 41 (7) ◽  
pp. 165-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. Hijnen ◽  
J. Willemsen-Zwaagstra ◽  
P. Hiemstra ◽  
G. J. Medema ◽  
D. van der Kooij
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Water Quality Monitoring ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Unit Process ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Scale Unit ◽  
Micro Organisms

At eight full-scale water treatment plants in the Netherlands the removal of spores of sulphite-reducing clostridia (SSRC) was determined. By sampling and processing large volumes of water (1 up to 500 litres) SSRC were detected after each stage of the treatment. This enabled the assessment of the removal efficiency of the full-scale unit processes for persistent micro-organisms. A comparison with literature data on the removal of Cryptosporidium and Giardia by the same type of processes revealed that SSRC can be considered as a potential surrogate. The average Decimal Elimination Capacity (DEC) of the overall treatment plants ranged from 1.3–4.3 log. The observed actual log removal of SSRC by the unit processes and the overall treatment at one of the studied locations showed that the level of variation in removal efficiency was approximately 2 log. Moreover, from the actual log removal values it was observed that a low SSRC removal by one unit process is partly compensated by a higher removal by subsequent unit processes at this location. SSRC can be used for identification of the process conditions that cause variation in micro-organism removal which may lead to process optimization. Further research is necessary to determine the optimal use of SSRC in water quality monitoring for the production of microbiologically safe drinking water.

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