Study of zinc pollution in river water: Average mass balance based on irrigation schedule

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (7) ◽  
pp. 1286-1295
Author(s):  
Pertiwi Andarani ◽  
Kuriko Yokota ◽  
Makoto Saga ◽  
Takanobu Inoue ◽  
Yoshitaka Matsumoto
Keyword(s):  
Mass Balance ◽  
River Water ◽  
Irrigation Schedule ◽  
Average Mass ◽  
Zinc Pollution

Recent changes of McCall Glacier, Alaska

1995 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 231-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernhard Rabus ◽  
Keith Echelmeyer ◽  
Dennis Trabant ◽  
Carl Benson
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Mass Balance ◽  
Volume Loss ◽  
Average Mass ◽  
Ice Surface ◽  
Low Mass ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Alaskan Arctic ◽  
Drop Rate

Detailed surveys of McCall Glacier in the Alaskan Arctic reveal changes from 1972 to 1993. The ice surface dropped everywhere, by amounts ranging from about 3 m in the highest cirques tq more than 42 m near the present terminus. The total volume loss was 3.5+ 0.2 x 10' m(, resulting in an average mass balance of 0.33 + 0.01 in a . l he terminus has retreated by about 285 m at a rale of 12_.5 ma \ Results from photogrammetry for an earlier period, 1958-71, were I.16x 10'm3 and 0.13 ma for volume change and mass balance, respectively; the mean terminus retreat rate was then 5.7 m a . The changes have to be seen in the context of McCall Glacier’s low mass-exchange rate; annual accumulation and ablation, averaged over the years 1969 72 were only +0.16 and 0.3 m a '. Cross-profiles in the ablation area, surveyed at intervals of a few years, show an increased drop rate since the late 1970s. 7 he volume-ehange data suggest a climate warming in the early 1970s. Enhanced thinning of the lower ablation region and accelerated terminus retreat seem to lag this climate change by not more than 10 years, This indicates a reaction time of McCall Glacier that is considerably shorter than its theoretic response time of about 50 70 years.

Estimating submarine groundwater discharges of the Bohai Sea, China using radium, hydrogen and oxygen isotopes and salinity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hailong Li ◽  
Xiaolang Zhang ◽  
Xuejing Wang ◽  
Kai Xiao ◽  
Yan Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Mass Balance ◽  
River Water ◽  
Bohai Sea ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Laizhou Bay ◽  
Bohai Bay ◽  
Fresh Groundwater ◽  
The Bohai Sea ◽  
Submarine Groundwater

<p>With an area of about 77,000 km<sup>2</sup>, the Bohai Sea includes three bays: Laizhou Bay, Bohai Bay and Liaodong Bay. In this study, <sup>228</sup>Ra, δD, δ<sup>18</sup>O and salinity data were collected from surface seawater in the entire Bohai Sea, river water, and groundwater along its coastline in August 2017. Based on the spatial distributions of δD, δ<sup>18</sup>O, and salinity in surface water in the entire Bohai Sea and δD-salinity relations, the marine hydrological processes were investigated and the members of river water and groundwater for δD and δ<sup>18</sup>O were determined. The steady-state mass-balance models of δD, δ<sup>18</sup>O and salinity are given and used to estimate submarine fresh groundwater discharges and the flushing times of the entire Bohai Sea and its three bays. Based on the results of the flushing times, the steady-state mass-balance model of <sup>228</sup>Ra is used to estimate submarine groundwater discharges of the entire Bohai Sea and its three bays.</p>

Arsenic Originating in Kusatsu Hot Springs, Gunma, Japan, and Arsenic Pollution Status of Kusatsu Rivers

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 261-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshikazu Kikawada ◽  
◽  
Satoshi Kawai ◽  
Kazuhiko Shimada ◽  
Takao Oi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Balance ◽  
River Water ◽  
Hot Springs ◽  
Hot Spring ◽  
Arsenic Concentration ◽  
Arsenic Pollution ◽  
Dam Reservoir ◽  
Mass Balance Calculation ◽  
Balance Calculation ◽  
Lime Water

Kusatsu hot springs at the eastern foot of the Kusatsu-Shirane volcano is a famous spa area in Japan. Its hot springs are strongly acidic making local rivers acidic, requiring lime water neutralization. We determined the arsenic concentration in hot springs, rivers, and neutralization products, to calculate the mass balance of arsenic in river systems. Hot springs supply a total of 45 tons a year in arsenic to local rivers, which transport some 28 tons a year — most of which is accounted for by Bandaiko hot spring and the Yu River. After neutralization, these flow into the Shinaki Dam reservoir, which accumulates large amounts of suspended neutralization products. Mass balance calculation suggests that arsenic dissolved in river water is nearly completely coprecipitated with or adsorbed by neutralization products, so that Shinaki Dam reservoir accumulates some 25 tons of arsenic yearly.

scholarly journals Decay of a long-term monitored glacier: Careser Glacier (Ortles-Cevedale, European Alps)

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 1819-1838 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Carturan ◽  
C. Baroni ◽  
M. Becker ◽  
A. Bellin ◽  
O. Cainelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
Mass Balance ◽  
Mass Loss Rate ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
European Alps ◽  
Systematic Observation ◽  
Average Mass ◽  
Observation Series ◽  
The 19Th Century

Abstract. The continuation of valuable, long-term glacier observation series is threatened by the accelerated mass loss which currently affects a large portion of so-called "benchmark" glaciers. In this work we present the evolution of the Careser Glacier, from the beginning of systematic observation at the end of the 19th century to its current condition in 2012. In addition to having one of the longest and richest observation records among the Italian glaciers, Careser is unique in the Italian Alps for its 46 yr mass balance series that started in 1967. In the present study, variations in the length, area and volume of the glacier since 1897 are examined, updating and validating the series of direct mass balance observations and adding to the mass balance record into the past using the geodetic method. The glacier is currently strongly out of balance and in rapid decay; its average mass loss rate over the last 3 decades was 1.5 m water equivalent per year, increasing to 2.0 m water equivalent per year in the last decade. Although these rates are not representative at a regional scale, year-to-year variations in mass balance show an unexpected increase in correlation with other glaciers in the Alps, during the last 3 decades. If mass loss continues at this pace, the glacier will disappear within a few decades, putting an end to this unique observation series.

Characterization of soluble and colloidal phase metal complexes in river water by ultrafiltration. A mass-balance approach

1981 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 655-661 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael R. Hoffmann ◽  
Eric C. Yost ◽  
Steven J. Eisenreich ◽  
Walter J. Maier
Keyword(s):  
Metal Complexes ◽  
Mass Balance ◽  
River Water ◽  
Balance Approach ◽  
Mass Balance Approach

A nutrient budget for a selection harvest: implications for long-term sustainability

2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (12) ◽  
pp. 2064-2077 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tyler Phillips ◽  
Shaun A. Watmough
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
North America ◽  
Mass Balance ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Nutrient Budget ◽  
Mineral Weathering ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Mass Balances ◽  
Average Mass

Declining concentrations of Ca and other base cations in soils and surface waters in eastern North America have led to concerns that forests may become nutrient limited, particularly in regions that are harvested. We constructed a nutrient budget for a selection harvest in central Ontario that is typical of eastern North America. Atmospheric deposition (5-year average) and mineral weathering (PROFILE) were considered as the sole inputs to the forest, while exports included nutrient losses in streams and removed in stems. Sugar maple ( Acer saccharum Marsh.) was the only tree species removed in the study (∼30% of basal area) and harvesting had no strong impact on stream chemistry. Mass balance calculations were performed on average values, but with estimates of uncertainty associated with each input parameter. A Monte Carlo simulation was run (10 000 runs) for Ca, Mg, K, Na, P, N, and S. In the absence of harvesting, average mass balance estimates are positive for all nutrients except S. When harvesting is considered, average mass balances remain positive for all nutrients except Ca, K, and S. Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate that mass balances for Na are always positive, while mass balances for Mg, K, N, P, and S range from slightly positive to slightly negative. In contrast, mass balance simulations for Ca are always negative and average net losses represent ∼1% of the current exchangeable soil Ca pool.

scholarly journals Decadal evolution of a very small heavily debris-covered glacier in an Alpine permafrost environment

2016 ◽  
Vol 62 (233) ◽  
pp. 535-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. CAPT ◽  
J.-B. BOSSON ◽  
M. FISCHER ◽  
N. MICHELETTI ◽  
C. LAMBIEL
Keyword(s):  
Mass Balance ◽  
Surface Characteristics ◽  
Horizontal Displacement ◽  
Swiss Alps ◽  
Average Mass ◽  
Future Evolution ◽  
Free Zone ◽  
Aerial Photogrammetry ◽  
Glacier System ◽  
Permafrost Environment

AbstractGlacier response to climate forcing can be heterogeneous and complex, depending on glacier system characteristics. This article presents the decadal evolution of the Tsarmine Glacier (Swiss Alps), a very small and heavily debris-covered cirque glacier located in the Alpine periglacial belt. Archival aerial photogrammetry and autocorrelation of orthophotos were used to compute surface elevation, volume and geodetic mass changes, as well as horizontal displacement rates for several periods between 1967 and 2012. A GPR survey allowed us to investigate glacier thickness (15 m mean) and volume (4 × 106 m3) in 2015 and to anticipate its future evolution. Different dynamics occurred in recent decades because of the heterogeneous surface characteristics. The climate-sensitive upper debris-free zone contrasts with the progressively stagnant heavily debris-covered glacier tongue. Between 1967 and 2012, the glacier lost 1/3 of its initial volume (2 × 106 m3). The average mass balance stabilised at ~−0.3 m w.e. a−1 since 1999. Compared with other local glaciers, the Tsarmine Glacier shows a particular decadal behaviour both in time (divergence of mass balance since the 2000s) and space (inverted ablation pattern). This might be explained by the combined influence of debris cover, shadow, snow redistribution and permafrost conditions on this very small glacier.

scholarly journals Local topography increasingly influences the mass balance of a retreating cirque glacier

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caitlyn Florentine ◽  
Joel Harper ◽  
Daniel Fagre ◽  
Johnnie Moore ◽  
Erich Peitzsch
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
Mass Balance ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Glacier Mass Balance ◽  
Climate Variables ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Local Effects ◽  
Surface Mass ◽  
Average Mass ◽  
Measured Mass

Abstract. Local topographically driven processes such as wind drifting, avalanching, and shading, are known to alter the relationship between the mass balance of small cirque glaciers and regional climate. Yet partitioning such local effects apart from regional climate influence has proven difficult, creating uncertainty in the climate representativeness of some glaciers. We address this problem for Sperry Glacier in Glacier National Park, USA using field-measured surface mass balance, geodetic constraints on mass balance, and regional climate data recorded at a network of meteorological stations. Geodetically derived mass changes between 1950–1960, 1960–2005, and 2005–2014 document average mass loss rates during each period at −0.22±0.12 m w.e. yr−1, −0.18±0.05 m w.e. yr−1, and −0.10±0.03 m w.e. yr−1. A correlation of field-measured mass balance and regional climate variables closely predicts the geodetically measured mass loss from 2005–2014. However, this correlation overestimates glacier mass balance for 1950–1960 by +1.18±0.92 m w.e. yr−1. This suggests that local effects, not represented in regional climate variables, have become a more dominant driver of the net mass balance as the glacier lost 0.50 km2 and retreated further into its cirque.

scholarly journals Sensitivity to climate change of the mass balance of glaciers in southern Norway

1993 ◽  
Vol 39 (133) ◽  
pp. 656-665 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tron Laumann ◽  
Niels Reeh
Keyword(s):  
Mass Balance ◽  
Atlantic Coast ◽  
Elevation Gradient ◽  
Greenland Ice Sheet ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Average Mass ◽  
Degree Day ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Southern Norway

Abstract A degree-day model developed for parameterizing melt rates on the Greenland ice sheet is adapted to the climatic conditions on glaciers in southern Norway. The model is calibrated by means of observed average mass-balance-elevation relationships (1963–90) for three glaciers in a west-east transect in southern Norway and 30 year normals (1961–90) of temperature and precipitation observed at nearby climate stations. The calibration gives a surprisingly small variation of the model parameters (degree-day factors for snow-and ice-melt, and precipitation-elevation gradient) from one glacier to another. The derived values of the parameters are used to estimate the change of the mass-balance-elevation relationship for different climatic scenarios. The study indicates that a low-lying glacier in the maritime, high-precipitation environment near the Atlantic coast is more sensitive to both temperature and precipitation changes than the high elevated glaciers in the dry, more continental climate farther away from the coast. However, all of the glaciers studied will lose mass in a warmer climate, unless the warming is accompanied by a dramatic increase in the precipitation of 25–40% deg−1 warming.

scholarly journals Local topography increasingly influences the mass balance of a retreating cirque glacier

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 2109-2122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caitlyn Florentine ◽  
Joel Harper ◽  
Daniel Fagre ◽  
Johnnie Moore ◽  
Erich Peitzsch
Keyword(s):  
Mass Balance ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Glacier Mass Balance ◽  
Climate Variables ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Local Effects ◽  
Surface Mass ◽  
Average Mass ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Measured Mass

Abstract. Local topographically driven processes – such as wind drifting, avalanching, and shading – are known to alter the relationship between the mass balance of small cirque glaciers and regional climate. Yet partitioning such local effects from regional climate influence has proven difficult, creating uncertainty in the climate representativeness of some glaciers. We address this problem for Sperry Glacier in Glacier National Park, USA, using field-measured surface mass balance, geodetic constraints on mass balance, and regional climate data recorded at a network of meteorological and snow stations. Geodetically derived mass changes during 1950–1960, 1960–2005, and 2005–2014 document average mass change rates during each period at −0.22 ± 0.12, −0.18 ± 0.05, and −0.10 ± 0.03 m w.e. yr−1, respectively. A correlation of field-measured mass balance and regional climate variables closely (i.e., within 0.08 m w.e. yr−1) predicts the geodetically measured mass loss from 2005 to 2014. However, this correlation overestimates glacier mass balance for 1950–1960 by +1.20 ± 0.95 m w.e. yr−1. Our analysis suggests that local effects, not represented in regional climate variables, have become a more dominant driver of the net mass balance as the glacier lost 0.50 km2 and retreated further into its cirque.

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