Total organic carbon and the contribution from speciated organics in cloud water: airborne data analysis from the CAMP²Ex field campaign

This work focuses on total organic carbon (TOC) and contributing species in cloud water over Southeast Asia using a rare airborne dataset collected during NASA's Cloud, Aerosol and Monsoon Processes Philippines Experiment (CAMP2Ex), in which a wide variety of maritime clouds were studied, including cumulus congestus, altocumulus, altostratus, and cumulus. Knowledge of TOC masses and their contributing species is needed for improved modeling of cloud processing of organics and to understand how aerosols and gases impact and are impacted by clouds. This work relies on 159 samples collected with an axial cyclone cloud-water collector at altitudes of 0.2–6.8 km that had sufficient volume for both TOC and speciated organic composition analysis. Species included monocarboxylic acids (glycolate, acetate, formate, and pyruvate), dicarboxylic acids (glutarate, adipate, succinate, maleate, and oxalate), methanesulfonic acid (MSA), and dimethylamine (DMA). TOC values range between 0.018 and 13.66 ppm C with a mean of 0.902 ppm C. The highest TOC values are observed below 2 km with a general reduction aloft. An exception is samples impacted by biomass burning for which TOC remains enhanced at altitudes as high as 6.5 km (7.048 ppm C). Estimated total organic matter derived from TOC contributes a mean of 30.7 % to total measured mass (inorganics + organics). Speciated organics contribute (on a carbon mass basis) an average of 30.0 % to TOC in the study region and account for an average of 10.3 % to total measured mass. The order of the average contribution of species to TOC, in decreasing contribution of carbon mass, is as follows (±1 standard deviation): acetate (14.7 ± 20.5 %), formate (5.4 ± 9.3 %), oxalate (2.8 ± 4.3 %), DMA (1.7 ± 6.3 %), succinate (1.6 ± 2.4 %), pyruvate (1.3 ± 4.5 %), glycolate (1.3 ± 3.7 %), adipate (1.0 ± 3.6 %), MSA (0.1 ± 0.1 %), glutarate (0.1 ± 0.2 %), and maleate (< 0.1 ± 0.1 %). Approximately 70 % of TOC remains unaccounted for, highlighting the complex nature of organics in the study region; in samples collected in biomass burning plumes, up to 95.6 % of TOC mass is unaccounted for based on the species detected. Consistent with other regions, monocarboxylic acids dominate the speciated organic mass (∼ 75 %) and are about 4 times more abundant than dicarboxylic acids. Samples are categorized into four cases based on back-trajectory history, revealing source-independent similarity between the bulk contributions of monocarboxylic and dicarboxylic acids to TOC (16.03 %–23.66 % and 3.70 %–8.75 %, respectively). Furthermore, acetate, formate, succinate, glutarate, pyruvate, oxalate, and MSA are especially enhanced during biomass burning periods, which is attributed to peat emissions transported from Sumatra and Borneo. Lastly, dust (Ca2+) and sea salt (Na+/Cl-) tracers exhibit strong correlations with speciated organics, supporting how coarse aerosol surfaces interact with these water-soluble organics.

Truncation Effect on Estimation of Transport Parameters for Slug-injection Tracer Tests

For slug-injection tracer tests, tracer concentrations below the detection limit of the measurement instrument can cause truncation of the observed data. This study investigated the truncation effect on the estimation error of parameters based on analytical solutions and the results of a laboratory-scale experiment. Spatial moment analysis was performed to estimate the measured total mass and transport parameters, including the pore velocity and the longitudinal and transverse dispersivities. Increasing the travel distance and detection limit caused the measured mass and dispersivities to be underestimated regardless of the dimensionality because hydrodynamic dispersion occurs with increasing travel distance, which smoothens the concentration front. The one- and two-dimensional cases showed that the truncation effect on the measured mass and longitudinal dispersivity depended on dimensionality. In contrast, the pore velocity showed no such dependence; the center of mass did not change as the unmeasured portion due to truncation was increased because the plume, which exhibited a Gaussian distribution, was truncated symmetrically. In the experiment, the measured mass and dispersivities likewise depended on the travel distance and detection limit, but there were large differences in the detection limit at which the dimensionless parameter reached a value of zero between the experimental results and analytical solution. This is because the initial plume in the experiment was of a finite size. Thus, experimental design factors such as the scale, device, and dimensionality should be considered to minimize the estimation error of transport parameters, excluding the pore velocity.

Total organic carbon and contribution from speciated organics in cloud water: Airborne data analysis from the CAMP²Ex field campaign

This work focuses on total organic carbon (TOC) and contributing species in cloud water over Southeast Asia using a rare airborne dataset collected during NASA’s Cloud, Aerosol and Monsoon Processes Philippines Experiment (CAMP2Ex), in which a wide variety of maritime clouds were studied, including cumulus congestus, altocumulus, altostratus, and cumulus. Knowledge of TOC levels and their contributing species is needed for improved modeling of cloud processing of organics and to understand how aerosols and gases impact and are impacted by clouds. This work relies on 159 samples collected with an Axial Cyclone Cloud water Collector at altitudes of 0.2–6.8 km that had sufficient volume for both TOC and speciated organic composition analysis. Species included monocarboxylic acids (glycolate, acetate, formate, and pyruvate), dicarboxylic acids (glutarate, adipate, succinate, maleate, and oxalate), methanesulfonate (MSA), and dimethylamine (DMA). TOC values range between 0.018–13.660 ppm C with a mean of 0.902 ppm C. The highest TOC values are observed below 2 km with a general reduction aloft. An exception is samples impacted by biomass burning for which TOC remains enhanced as high as 6.5 km (7.048 ppm C). Estimated total organic matter derived from TOC contributes a mean of 30.7 % to total measured mass (inorganics + organics). Speciated organics contribute (on carbon mass basis) an average of 30.0 % to TOC in the study region, and account for an average of 10.3 % to total measured mass. The order of the average contribution of species to TOC, in decreasing contribution of carbon mass, is as follows: acetate (14.7 ± 20.5 %), formate (5.4 ± 9.3 %), oxalate (2.8 ± 4.3 %), DMA (1.7 ± 6.3 %), succinate (1.6 ± 2.4 %), pyruvate (1.3 ± 4.5 %), glycolate (1.3 ± 3.7 %), adipate (1.0 ± 3.6 %), MSA (0.1 ± 0.1 %), glutarate (0.1 ± 0.2 %), maleate (< 0.1 ± 0.1 %). Approximately 70 % of TOC remains unaccounted for, thus highlighting the complex nature of organics in the study region; samples collected in biomass burning plumes have up to 95.6 % of unaccounted TOC mass based on the species detected. Consistent with other regions, monocarboxylic acids dominate the speciated organic mass (~75 %) and are about four times in greater abundance than dicarboxylic acids. Samples are categorized into four cases based on back-trajectory history revealing source-independent similarity between the bulk contributions of monocarboxylic and dicarboxylic acids to TOC (16.03 %–23.66 % and 3.70 %–8.75 %, respectively). Furthermore, acetate, formate, succinate, glutarate, pyruvate, oxalate, and MSA are especially enhanced during biomass burning periods, attributed to peat emissions transported from Sumatra and Borneo. Lastly, dust (Ca2+) and sea salt (Na+/Cl−) tracers exhibit strong correlations with speciated organics, thus supporting how coarse aerosol surfaces interact with these water-soluble organics.

Ariel planetary interiors White Paper

The recently adopted Ariel ESA mission will measure the atmospheric composition of a large number of exoplanets. This information will then be used to better constrain planetary bulk compositions. While the connection between the composition of a planetary atmosphere and the bulk interior is still being investigated, the combination of the atmospheric composition with the measured mass and radius of exoplanets will push the field of exoplanet characterisation to the next level, and provide new insights of the nature of planets in our galaxy. In this white paper, we outline the ongoing activities of the interior working group of the Ariel mission, and list the desirable theoretical developments as well as the challenges in linking planetary atmospheres, bulk composition and interior structure.

Comparison of the anthropometric profiles of elite youth rugby union players

Background: Anthropometric evaluation of athletes is necessary to optimize talent identification and player development. The aim was to describe the anthropometric characteristics of national under-18 and under-20 rugby team by field positions in two season. Material and method: 152 players of under-18 and under-20 rugby teams were to measured mass, stature, skinfolds, percentage body fat, skeletal muscle mass, bone mineral and somatype between 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 season. Mean and standard deviation were calculated for each national team, groups and positional. The Mann-Whitney U test were performed to investigate differences between national team and by groups. The Kruskal-Wallis test was performed to investigate differences between positional. Results: The foward units were heavier, taller and had a larger percentage body fat and skeletal muscle mass than back units (p <0.05). The props had a larger percentage body fat (p <0.05) and the seconds row were taller (p <0.05). Conclusions: The elite players of under-20 in Spain are heavier and have a larger percentage body fat and skeletal muscle mass than elite players of under-18. The foward units are heavier, taller and have a larger percentage body fat, skeletal muscle mass and bone mineral tan back units. The props are heavier positional and have larger percentage body fat. The seconds row are taller positional.

APPLICATION OF THE TRIANGULATED CATEGORY TO THE EXPLANATION OF FULLY-CHARM TETRAQUARK MASS

The discovery in July 2020 of fully-charm tetraquark led to the need for its theoretical explanation. For investigation of such complex four-quark formation, the modern mathematical apparatus of the theory of derived categories is used. By representing diquarks as solitonic objects in terms of sheaves, one can explain the measured mass of the broad resonance of fully-charm tetraquarks consisting of di-charmonia.

Standardized Stirring for Small Scale Surveys

Stirring rates in heterogeneous catalytic reactions have an effect on reaction rates. When conducting small-scale surveys using a single central stir plate, reaction vessels in different positions experience slightly different levels and patterns of agitation. We probed this effect by running the same reaction 40 times, varying the stir rate (fast/slow) and the vial position using two 3D printed vial holders. We found variability of conversion (measured mass spectrometrically) to be approximately two times higher for vials placed at different distances, but the effect was relatively small and could be minimized by using a high stir rate. For those experimenters wishing to completely eliminate differential stirring as a cause for variation in results, the 3D printed circular array we designed is recommended over a conventional rectangular array.

WATER SUPPLY IS THE MOST IMPORTANT BRANCH OF THEECONOMIC COMPLEX

This article deals with the problem of transporting water horizontally, vertically and at an incline of 45 degrees at different speeds of water. The results obtained in tabular form and the analysis of these values was carried out.Keywords: flow rate, indicated volume, measured mass, average tempеrature, distilled water temperature, tested water temperature, actual volume.

Taming the Janssen effect

We investigate both experimentally and theoretically the apparent mass of a ferromagnetic granular assembly filling a cylindrical container and submitted to a magnetic field B, aligned vertically along the silo. We show that the mass of the ferromagnetic granular column depends strongly on the applied magnetic field. Notably, our measurements deviate strongly from the exponential saturation of the measured mass as a function of the true mass of the grain packing, as predicted by Janssen [H.A. Janssen, Vereins Eutscher Ingenieure Zeitschrift, 1045 (1895)]. In particular, the measured mass of tall columns decreases systematically as the amplitude of the magnetic field increases. We rationalize our experimental findings by considering the induced magnetic dipole-dipole interactions within the whole packing. We show the emergence of a global magnetic radial force along the walls of the silos, fully determined by the external magnetic field. The resulting tunable frictional interactions allows a full control of the effective mass of the ferromagnetic granular column.

A β Cephei pulsator and a changing orbital inclination in the high-mass eclipsing binary system VV Orionis

ABSTRACT We present an analysis of the high-mass eclipsing binary system VV Ori based on photometry from the TESS satellite. The primary star (B1 V, 9.5 $\, {\rm M}_\odot$) shows β Cephei pulsations and the secondary (B7 V, 3.8 $\, {\rm M}_\odot$) is possibly a slowly pulsating B star. We detect 51 significant oscillation frequencies, including two multiplets with separations equal to the orbital frequency, indicating that the pulsations are tidally perturbed. We analyse the TESS light curve and published radial velocities to determine the physical properties of the system. Both stars are only the second of their pulsation type with a precisely measured mass. The orbital inclination is also currently decreasing, likely due to gravitational interactions with a third body.