scholarly journals A Five–Factor Theory Perspective on Causal Analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 151-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert R. McCrae ◽  
Angelina R. Sutin
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Causal Analysis ◽  
Personality Characteristics ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Causal Explanations ◽  
Causal Understanding ◽  
Personality Research ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Individual

Five–Factor Theory provides a broad but largely blank template for causal personality research. Within Five–Factor Theory, there are three major categories of questions: (1) how do biological structures and functions lead to trait levels? (2) how do traits and the environment give rise to acquired psychological institutions? and (3) how do personality characteristics interact with specific situations to determine behaviours and reactions? Both practical and ethical issues complicate the search for the causes of trait change. Causal explanations of the development of characteristic adaptations are likely to be incomplete, because there are many different ways in which the same adaptation may be acquired. Studies of the determinants of behaviour are usually left to social, educational, or clinical psychologists—although personality psychologists may make distinctive contributions by emphasizing the role of the individual in selecting and creating situations. A causal understanding of the functioning of the personality system is possible through the integration of many lines of evidence, but it is likely to take a very long time. In the meanwhile, personality psychologists may fruitfully pursue the identification of practical causes by which individuals with a given set of traits can optimize their adaptation. Copyright © 2018 European Association of Personality Psychology

The person as co‐investigator in personality research

1991 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 199-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hubert J. M. Hermans ◽  
Han Bonarius
Keyword(s):  
Important Implication ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Personality Research ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Gains And Losses ◽  
The Ideal

In this paper, arguments are presented for considering the subject as co‐investigator in personality research. A review of current research methods suggests that personality psychology is well on its way to recognizing the individual as an expert on his or her own self and situation. This means that the subject should also be allowed to take a much more active role in psychological research. It is argued that the ideal methodology for accomplishing this integration of the individual into psychological research is to establish a dialogue between psychologist and subject, allowing each to contribute to the scientific process from his or her own perspective and on the basis of his or her own expertise. The present approach calls for greater emphasis on the organization and coherence of personality as a system, greater openness and sensitivity to the particular world of the individual, and an even more dynamic conception of individuality than is currently found in our field. An important implication of the open system approach advocated in this article, the reduced role of prediction in personality research, is discussed and, finally, a preliminary list of expected gains and losses is presented.

A Framework for Testing Causality in Personality Research

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 254-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giulio Costantini ◽  
Marco Perugini
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
European Association ◽  
Laboratory Research ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Causal Explanations ◽  
Personality Research ◽  
Conceptual Clarity ◽  
Candidate Target ◽  
Ecological Momentary ◽  
Over Time

Causal explanations in personality require conceptual clarity about alternative causal conditions that could, even in principle, affect personality. These causal conditions crucially depend on the theoretical model of personality, each model constraining the possibility of planning and performing causal research in different ways. We discuss how some prominent models of personality allow for specific types of causal research and impede others. We then discuss causality from a network perspective, which sees personality as a phenomenon that emerges from a network of behaviours and environments over time. From a methodological perspective, we propose a three–step strategy to investigate causality: (1) identify a candidate target for manipulation (e.g. using network analysis), (2) identify and test a manipulation (e.g. using laboratory research), and (3) deliver the manipulation repeatedly for a congruous amount of time (e.g. using ecological momentary interventions) and evaluate its ability to generate trait change. We discuss how a part of these steps was implemented for trait conscientiousness and present a detailed plan for implementing the remaining steps. Copyright © 2018 European Association of Personality Psychology

Professional practice.

2021 ◽  
pp. 148-185
Author(s):  
James Woodall ◽  
Simon Rowlands
Keyword(s):  
Health Promotion ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Settings Approach ◽  
Societal Level ◽  
The Individual

Abstract This book chapter seeks to: (i) explore the role of the settings approach to health promotion and the need for organizational change; (ii) discuss the importance of evidence-based practice and evaluation; (iii) describe some of the ethical issues in practising health promotion; (iv) suggest a means of overcoming the top-down/bottom-up tensions in practice; (v) explore the need for developing partnerships between civil society, NGOs, and private and public sectors; and (vi) outline the skills and competencies of health promoters practising in the 21st century. This chapter has attempted to discuss some challenges in the practice of health promotion, ending on the challenges in terms of the skills required to do health promotion work. Some of these challenges reoccur in the next chapter, particularly when discussing capacity building for health promotion at a societal level rather than the individual level.

Professional practice.

2021 ◽  
pp. 148-185
Author(s):  
James Woodall ◽  
Simon Rowlands
Keyword(s):  
Health Promotion ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Settings Approach ◽  
Societal Level ◽  
The Individual

Abstract This book chapter seeks to: (i) explore the role of the settings approach to health promotion and the need for organizational change; (ii) discuss the importance of evidence-based practice and evaluation; (iii) describe some of the ethical issues in practising health promotion; (iv) suggest a means of overcoming the top-down/bottom-up tensions in practice; (v) explore the need for developing partnerships between civil society, NGOs, and private and public sectors; and (vi) outline the skills and competencies of health promoters practising in the 21st century. This chapter has attempted to discuss some challenges in the practice of health promotion, ending on the challenges in terms of the skills required to do health promotion work. Some of these challenges reoccur in the next chapter, particularly when discussing capacity building for health promotion at a societal level rather than the individual level.

scholarly journals By the Strength of Their Enemies: The Virtue of the Stereotypical Antagonist in Terry Pratchett's 'Witches' Novels

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Joule
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
Moral Arguments ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Terry Pratchett

<p><b>The comic fantasy Discworld novels of Terry Pratchett (1948-2015) are marked by their clear and insightful approaches to complex ethical issues. This has been noted in academic approaches from the beginning, with Farah Mendlesohn’s chapter “Faith and Ethics” appearing in the early collection Terry Pratchett: Guilty of Literature (2000) and many others since touching on the issues Pratchett raises. However, this thesis’s investigation into the use of stereotypes in characterisation and development of the antagonist figures within the Discworld novels breaks new ground in mapping the course of Pratchett’s approaches across six Discworld novels. </b></p><p>This argument will focus on the ‘Witches’ sequence of novels: Equal Rites (1987), Wyrd Sisters (1988), Witches Abroad (1991), Lords and Ladies (1992), Maskerade (1995), and Carpe Jugulum (1998). Unlike other sequences in the Discworld series, these novels have a strong metatextual focus on the structural components of narrative. In this context, stereotypes facilitate both the humour and the moral arguments of these novels. Signifiers of stereotypes invoke expectations which are as often thwarted as they are fulfilled and, while resulting in humour, this process also reflects on the place of the individual within the community, the nature of right and wrong, and how we as people control the narratives which define our lives and ourselves. In closely examining the role of antagonists in the development of an ethical thread through the sequence, I argue that the careful use of stereotypes in these texts serves as a key shorthand in engaging the reader in the philosophical bent of the novels.</p>

scholarly journals The ethics of state-sponsored and clinical promotion of long-acting reversible contraception

2020 ◽  
pp. bmjsrh-2020-200630
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Wale ◽  
Sam Rowlands
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare Professionals ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Relative Effectiveness ◽  
Professional Service ◽  
Contraceptive User ◽  
Raising Awareness ◽  
Long Acting ◽  
The Individual

ObjectivesTo review ethical aspects of the promotion and provision of long-acting reversible contraception (LARC). Specifically, to examine (1) the tension between informational exchange and the active promotion of LARC methods to new and existing contraceptive users by healthcare professionals; and (2) the distinct ethical issues arising from the promotion of LARC methods by state-sponsored actors and healthcare professionals.MethodsNarrative review and ethical analysis.FindingsThere is an ethical difference between raising awareness/informational provision and actively promoting or prioritising specific contraceptive methods. It matters whether the policy choice is made, or the promotional activity about contraception is undertaken, by individual healthcare professionals at a local level or by more remote state-sponsored actors, because the relationship between the promoter and the (potential) contraceptive user is of a different kind. Imposing a dual responsibility upon healthcare professionals for raising awareness/informational exchange and the active promotion of LARC creates an unnecessary tension and barrier for the delivery of patient-centred care.ConclusionsThis review highlights the need for ethical reflection on the central role of the promoting agent and the distinction between facilitating informational awareness and active promotion of LARC. LARC methods should not be prioritised in isolation and without regard to the wider implications of public promotion. A balanced narrative and information-sharing programme that respects the individual interests of each contraceptive user is called for, especially in direct professional/service user relationships. No assumption should be made that user decision-making will necessarily be determined and influenced solely by the relative effectiveness of the contraceptive method.

scholarly journals Practical Recommendations for Considering Culture, Race, and Ethnicity in Personality Psychology

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Memoona Arshad ◽  
Joanne M. Chung
Keyword(s):  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Community Based Participatory Research ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Personality Research ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Participatory Research Methods ◽  
Practical Recommendations

Personality science is the study of the individual. It aims to understand what makes people similar to others, different from some, and unique to themselves. However, research in personality lacks a thoughtful consideration of culture, race, and ethnicity that is essential for understanding individual differences in patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving. High impact personality journals rarely include such factors into the interpretation of results, and cross-cultural and ethnic minority publications are limited within the discipline. This paper offers a brief, non-exhaustive overview of how culture, race, and ethnicity are examined in relation to personality, showing that: 1) social structures continue to be neglected in the research, 2) we can learn from research being conducted in neighbouring areas, 3) and valuable work is already being done within personality psychology. We offer recommendations that include community based participatory research methods, combined emic-etic approaches, and contextualizing research findings to improve the consideration of culture, race, and ethnicity in personality research.

scholarly journals Human Psychology (fitrah) from Islamic Perspective

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-74
Author(s):  
Ali Muhammad Bhat
Keyword(s):  
Personal Growth ◽  
Personality Development ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Human Psychology ◽  
Islamic Perspective ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Principal Task ◽  
Broad Continuum

Education is crucial for all mankind. It is achieved to perfect all aspects of human’s life and to attain perfection in one’s life. To achieve true education, one must keep knowledge on the philosophy and objectives of education put forth by different religions and civilization but more importantly as stipulated in the Al-Quran and Sunnah. These sources help in the operative formulation of generating the complete growth of individual with integrated, balanced, and collective personality. The principal task of education is, to nurture the personal growth of a human being. It is through this development of the individual and the preservation and transmission of culture that both the individual and society attains a quality of life. A good man is not necessarily a complete man. No one can be stared as a complete human because there is no end to the growth of human personality. A wide knowledge of many subjects helps in the growth of personality (psychology) provided a man knows how to modify behavior and knows how knowledge and actions are integrated into a broad, total framework of life. This issue has been taken into hand to provide an insight from Islamic perspective for a broad continuum of personality development or what in contemporary era is called human psychology. An analytical approach is adopted to search the sources which contain information related to human nature in order to justify that religion has a strong voice to help humans to cognize the role of Islamic Psychology in human development.

scholarly journals CRITERIA-BASED ASSESSMENT AS THE WAY OF FORMING STUDENTS FUNCTIONAL LITERACY IN COMPUTER SCIENCE

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (35) ◽  
pp. 41-54
Author(s):  
Sailaugul AVDARSOL ◽  
Lyazzat B. RAKHIMZHANOVA ◽  
Bektas G. BOSTANOV ◽  
Ainur Ye. SAGIMBAEVA ◽  
Tiyshtik KHAKIMOVA
Keyword(s):  
Computer Science ◽  
Formative Evaluation ◽  
Assessment Model ◽  
Functional Literacy ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Pedagogical Research ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Amount Of Knowledge ◽  
Further Development

For a long time, the primary approach to assessment was the normative approach when the individual achievements of students were compared with a particular norm (the results of most students). Recently, domestic pedagogical research has been developing a criteria-based approach to assessing academic achievement when students' achievements are compared with the amount of knowledge that needs to be acquired at a particular stage of training. This study aimed to determine the role of criteria-based assessment in the formation of students functional literacy in computer science and to build a criteria-based assessment model in the development of functional literacy beyond to demonstrate the effectiveness of the methods of formation of students functional literacy in computer science. The leading research methods were the criteria-based assessment methodology developed by the authors and the method of formative assessment. Some elements of the methodology of forming evaluation were considered. For further development of the methods for the formation of students functional literacy in computer science, a criteria-based assessment model has been built. The introduction of criteria-based assessment will allow to switch to a formative evaluation aimed at developing student competence. The evaluation, consisting of criteria that a student understands, stimulates him and makes the learning process meaningful. Based on practical experiments and the proposed criteria-based assessment, the effectiveness of methods for the formation of students functional literacy in computer science has been proved.

scholarly journals By the Strength of Their Enemies: The Virtue of the Stereotypical Antagonist in Terry Pratchett's 'Witches' Novels

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Joule
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
Moral Arguments ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Terry Pratchett

<p><b>The comic fantasy Discworld novels of Terry Pratchett (1948-2015) are marked by their clear and insightful approaches to complex ethical issues. This has been noted in academic approaches from the beginning, with Farah Mendlesohn’s chapter “Faith and Ethics” appearing in the early collection Terry Pratchett: Guilty of Literature (2000) and many others since touching on the issues Pratchett raises. However, this thesis’s investigation into the use of stereotypes in characterisation and development of the antagonist figures within the Discworld novels breaks new ground in mapping the course of Pratchett’s approaches across six Discworld novels. </b></p><p>This argument will focus on the ‘Witches’ sequence of novels: Equal Rites (1987), Wyrd Sisters (1988), Witches Abroad (1991), Lords and Ladies (1992), Maskerade (1995), and Carpe Jugulum (1998). Unlike other sequences in the Discworld series, these novels have a strong metatextual focus on the structural components of narrative. In this context, stereotypes facilitate both the humour and the moral arguments of these novels. Signifiers of stereotypes invoke expectations which are as often thwarted as they are fulfilled and, while resulting in humour, this process also reflects on the place of the individual within the community, the nature of right and wrong, and how we as people control the narratives which define our lives and ourselves. In closely examining the role of antagonists in the development of an ethical thread through the sequence, I argue that the careful use of stereotypes in these texts serves as a key shorthand in engaging the reader in the philosophical bent of the novels.</p>

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