scholarly journals Relationships among Personality, Situational Construal and Social Outcomes

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick J. Morse ◽  
Kyle S. Sauerberger ◽  
Elysia Todd ◽  
David Funder
Keyword(s):  
European Association ◽  
Social Outcomes ◽  
Intermediate Step ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Mediation Analyses ◽  
Observer Ratings ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Q Sort

The present study demonstrates a novel way of exploring the relationship between personality and social outcomes by examining an understudied intermediate step: situational construal. Construal is assessed in terms of the degree to which one's description of a situation agrees with others’ descriptions of the same situation (normativity) and the degree to which the description is positively valenced. Participants (N = 256) provided information about their personality and subsequently used the Riverside Situational Q–sort to describe their construal of three in–lab interactions with unacquainted others. A measure of positive behavioural social outcomes was constructed from observer ratings of the video–recorded interactions. Extraversion, agreeableness, openness and neuroticism (negatively) were related to positive behavioural social outcomes, as well as to normativity and positivity of construal. Additionally, normativity and positivity of construal were related to positive social outcomes. However, mediation analyses did not confirm that construal mediates the relation between personality and positive social outcomes. Copyright © 2015 European Association of Personality Psychology

scholarly journals Broken Bodies, Broken Spirits: How Poor Health Contributes to A Cynical Worldview

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Stavrova ◽  
Daniel Ehlebracht
Keyword(s):  
European Association ◽  
Poor Health ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Mediation Analyses ◽  
Longitudinal Mediation ◽  
Path Analyses ◽  
Cynical Hostility ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Bidirectional Associations ◽  
Perceived Constraints

Cynical hostility (or cynicism) is often considered as a major factor leading to bad health outcomes. The present research proposes that poor health might represent both a consequence and a source of cynicism. Using cross–lagged path analyses, we documented bidirectional associations between health and cynicism in a nationally representative sample of Germans (Study 1) and a large sample of the American elderly (Study 2): cynical individuals were more likely to develop health problems, and poor health promoted the development of a cynical worldview over time. These results were obtained using different indicators of health status, including both self–reported and interviewer–administered physical measures. Longitudinal mediation analyses showed perceived constraints to mediate the effect of poor health on cynicism. This effect remained robust even when adding an alternative mediator—depressive symptoms. Additional analyses showed that any particular health limitation was prospectively related to cynicism to the degree to which this limitation was associated with an increased sense of constraints in individuals’ life. © 2018 The Authors. European Journal of Personality published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Association of Personality Psychology

Individual Differences in Testosterone Predict Persistence in Men

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith M. Welker ◽  
Justin M. Carré
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
European Association ◽  
Competitive Interaction ◽  
Important Predictor ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Neuroendocrine Function ◽  
Maximum Time ◽  
The Relationship

Persistence is an important predictor of future successes. The present research addresses the relationship between testosterone and persistence in men. One hundred eighteen men were randomly assigned to win or lose a competitive number tracing task against a confederate or complete the task alone in a non–competitive control condition. Saliva samples were collected prior to and after the competition or control conditions. Participants were then given a maximum time of 30 min to spend attempting to solve unsolvable puzzles, with the option to quit at any time. In contrast to our prediction, changes in testosterone concentrations in response to the competitive interaction did not predict persistence behaviour. However, individual differences in testosterone concentrations (pre–competition/non–competition) were positively correlated with persistence. These findings are the first to examine associations between neuroendocrine function and persistence behaviour in people and suggest that testosterone should also be considered when predicting persistence–related outcomes. Copyright © 2014 European Association of Personality Psychology

The Relationship between Right–wing Attitudes and Cognitive Style: A Comparison of Self–report and Behavioural Measures of Rigidity and Intolerance of Ambiguity

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 523-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alain Van Hiel ◽  
Emma Onraet ◽  
Howard M Crowson ◽  
Arne Roets
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Style ◽  
European Association ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Total N ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Intolerance Of Ambiguity

Two recent meta–analytic studies addressing the relationship between cognitive style and right–wing attitudes yielded some discrepancies. We argue that these discrepancies can be accounted for when one considers the types of cognitive style measures included in those analyses. One of these analyses primarily relied on self–report measures, whereas the other relied on behavioural measures of cognitive style. Based on a new meta–analysis of 103 samples (total N = 12 714) focussing on behavioural and self–report measures of rigidity and intolerance of ambiguity, we confirmed the hypothesis that self–report scales yield stronger relationships with right–wing attitudes than behavioural measures. We point out potential conceptual and validity issues with both types of cognitive style measures and call for cautiousness when interpreting the magnitude of their relationships with ideology. Copyright © 2016 European Association of Personality Psychology

On the Role of Specific Emotions in Autonomous and Controlled Motivated Behaviour

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 437-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leen Vandercammen ◽  
Joeri Hofmans ◽  
Peter Theuns ◽  
Peter Kuppens
Keyword(s):  
European Association ◽  
Experience Sampling ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Lab Experiment ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Anxiety Depression ◽  
The Relationship

In the present study, we study the effect of four specific emotions (i.e. happiness, relaxation, depression, and anxiety) on autonomous and controlled motivated behaviour. Drawing on the componential approach to emotions, we argue that because different emotions have a different action readiness—the readiness to engage with the environment—they also have a different impact on autonomous and controlled motivated behaviour. To test this hypothesis, we performed two studies. In the first one, 50 participants took part in an experience sampling study in which they reported their emotions (happiness, relaxation, depression, and anxiety) and autonomous and controlled motivated behaviour 10 times a day for 7 consecutive days. In the second study, 217 students participated in a lab experiment in which we studied the effect of induced anxiety, depression, happiness, and relaxation on autonomous motivated behaviour. The results showed how specific emotions predict autonomous motivated behaviour and that the relationship between the different emotions and autonomous motivated behaviour depends on the emotion under study. By doing so, we demonstrated the important role of emotions in the elicitation of autonomous motivated behaviour. Copyright © 2014 European Association of Personality Psychology

Individual Differences in Emotional Mimicry: Underlying Traits and Social Consequences

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 512-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heidi Mauersberger ◽  
Christophe Blaison ◽  
Konstantinos Kafetsios ◽  
Carolin–Louisa Kessler ◽  
Ursula Hess
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
European Association ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Context Model ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Social Satisfaction ◽  
Nonverbal Behaviour ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Laboratory Task

Mimicry, the imitation of the nonverbal behaviour of others, serves to establish affiliation and to smoothen social interactions. The present research aimed to disentangle rapid facial reactions (RFRs) to affiliative emotions from RFRs to nonaffiliative emotions from a trait perspective. In line with the Mimicry in Social Context Model by Hess and Fischer, we expected that only the former are mimicry responses indicative of underlying social relating competence and predictive of social satisfaction, whereas the latter superficially resemble mimicry responses and are driven by social relating incompetence and have opposite effects on social satisfaction. Further, we assumed that social relating competence would moderate the relationship between stable individuals‘ tendencies to show (mal)adaptive RFRs and social satisfaction. To test these hypotheses, 108 participants first completed scales measuring social relating competence, then participated in a mimicry laboratory task and finally evaluated their naturally occurring social interactions for 10 days. Affiliative RFRs to sadness were related to proximal indices of social relating competence and predicted positive social interactions, whereas nonaffiliative RFRs to disgust were related to social relating incompetence and predicted negative social interactions. By contrast, neither affiliative RFRs to happiness nor nonaffiliative RFRs to anger were linked to proximal indices of social relating competence, and both RFRs were only (dys)functional for interaction quality in less social relating–competent individuals. Copyright © 2015 European Association of Personality Psychology

scholarly journals Moral Foundations Theory and the Psychology of Charitable Giving

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 431-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Artur Nilsson ◽  
Arvid Erlandsson ◽  
Daniel Västfjäll
Keyword(s):  
Political Ideology ◽  
Charitable Giving ◽  
European Association ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Moral Foundations ◽  
Moral Foundations Theory ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Moral Behaviour ◽  
Harm Prevention ◽  
The Relationship

Moral foundations theory proposes that intuitions about what is morally right or wrong rest upon a set of universal foundations. Although this theory has generated a recent surge of research, few studies have investigated the real–world moral consequences of the postulated moral intuitions. We show that they are predictably associated with an important type of moral behaviour. Stronger individualizing intuitions (fairness and harm prevention) and weaker binding intuitions (loyalty, authority, and sanctity) were associated with the willingness to comply with a request to volunteer for charity and with the amount of self–reported donations to charity organizations. Among participants who complied with the request, individualizing intuitions predicted the allocation of donations to causes that benefit out–groups, whereas binding intuitions predicted the allocation of donations to causes that benefit the in–group. The associations between moral foundations and self–report measures of allocations in a hypothetical dilemma and concern with helping in–group and out–group victims were similar. Moral foundations predicted charitable giving over and above effects of political ideology, religiosity, and demographics, although variables within these categories also exhibited unique effects on charitable giving and accounted for a portion of the relationship between moral foundations and charitable giving. © 2020 The Authors. European Journal of Personality published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Association of Personality Psychology

The Suppression and Justification of Prejudice as A Function of Political Orientation

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell J. Webster ◽  
Mason D. Burns ◽  
Margot Pickering ◽  
Donald A. Saucier
Keyword(s):  
Gay Men ◽  
Social Dominance ◽  
European Association ◽  
Social Dominance Orientation ◽  
Political Orientation ◽  
The Political ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Right Wing Authoritarianism ◽  
The Relationship

Politically conservative (versus liberal) individuals generally report more prejudice towards various low–status out–groups. Three studies examined whether prejudice suppression factors—specifically, internal and external motivation to suppress (IMS and EMS, respectively) prejudice—can help explain the relationship between political orientation and prejudice. Study 1 showed that IMS and EMS partially mediated the relationship between political orientation and affective prejudice towards Arabs. Study 2 demonstrated that when justification [right–wing authoritarianism (RWA) and social dominance orientation] and suppression (IMS and EMS) factors are simultaneously tested as mediators, only RWA partially mediated the relationship between political orientation and prejudice towards deviant (e.g. gay men) out–groups, whereas RWA and IMS fully mediated the relationship between political orientation and prejudice towards derogated out–groups (e.g. Blacks). Intriguingly, IMS rendered social dominance orientation effects non–significant for derogated out–groups. Study 3 showed that anticipating an out–group interaction (with a Black or lesbian confederate) diminished the mediational contribution of IMS in the political orientation–prejudice relationship because of increased IMS among participants; yet the increases in IMS did not completely eliminate differences in prejudice as a function of political orientation. Ultimately, these three studies demonstrate that suppression (in addition to justification) factors do help explain the relationship between political orientation and prejudice. Copyright © 2013 European Association of Personality Psychology.

scholarly journals Sociomoral Temperament: A Mediator Between Wellbeing and Social Outcomes in Young Children

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darcia Narvaez ◽  
Tracy Gleason ◽  
Mary Tarsha ◽  
Ryan Woodbury ◽  
Ying Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Self Regulation ◽  
Social Outcomes ◽  
Social Approach ◽  
Mediation Analyses ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Moral Socialization ◽  
The Social ◽  
Moral World ◽  
Anxiety Depression ◽  
The Relationship

Social outcomes, such as empathy, conscience, and behavioral self-regulation, might require a baseline of psychological wellbeing. According to Triune Ethics Metatheory (TEM), early experience influences the neuropsychology underlying a child's orientation toward the social and moral world. Theoretically, a child's wellbeing, fostered through early caregiving, promotes sociomoral temperaments that correspond to the child's experience, such as social approach or withdrawal in face-to-face situations. These temperaments may represent an individual's default sociomoral perspective on the world. We hypothesized that sociomoral temperament emerges as a function of wellbeing and would be related to social outcomes measured by moral socialization and self-regulation. Further, we hypothesized that sociomoral temperament would mediate the relationship between wellbeing and social outcomes. To investigate, we collected items reflective of sociomoral temperament, asking mothers from two countries (USA: n = 525; China: n = 379) to report on their 3- to 5-year-old children. They also reported on their child's wellbeing (anxiety, depression, happiness) and social outcomes, including moral socialization (concern after wrong doing, internalized conduct and empathy) and behavioral self-regulation (inhibitory control and misbehavior). As expected, correlations identified connections between wellbeing, sociomoral temperament, and social outcomes. Mediation analyses demonstrated that sociomoral temperament mediated relations between wellbeing and social outcomes in both samples, though in slightly different patterns. Fostering early wellbeing may influence social outcomes through a child's developing sociomoral temperament.

Mother Phubbing and Adolescent Cyberbullying: The Mediating Role of Perceived Mother Acceptance and the Moderating Role of Emotional Stability

2020 ◽  
pp. 088626052098390
Author(s):  
Jiahui Qu ◽  
Li Lei ◽  
Xingchao Wang ◽  
Xiaochun Xie ◽  
Pengcheng Wang
Keyword(s):  
High School Students ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Emotional Stability ◽  
School Students ◽  
Mediation Analyses ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Indirect Path ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
The Relationship

Previous studies have found some risk factors of cyberbullying. However, little is known about how mother phubbing may influence adolescent cyberbullying, and the mediating and moderating mechanisms underlying this relationship. “Phubbing,” which is a portmanteau of “phone” and “subbing,” refers to snubbing other people and focus on smartphones in social interactions. This study examined whether mother phubbing, which refers to being phubbed by one’s mother, would be positively related to adolescent cyberbullying, whether perceived mother acceptance would mediate the relationship between mother phubbing and adolescent cyberbullying, and whether emotional stability would moderate the pathways between mother phubbing and adolescent cyberbullying. The sample consisted of 4,213 Chinese senior high school students (mean age 16.41 years, SD = 0.77, 53% were female). Participants completed measurements regarding mother phubbing, cyberbullying, perceived mother acceptance, and emotional stability. The results indicated that mother phubbing was positively related to cyberbullying, which was mediated by perceived mother acceptance. Further, moderated mediation analyses showed that emotional stability moderated the direct path between mother phubbing and cyberbullying and the indirect path between mother phubbing and perceived mother acceptance. This study highlighted the harmful impact of mother phubbing on adolescents by showing a positive association between mother phubbing and adolescent cyberbullying, as well as the underlying mechanisms between mother phubbing and adolescent cyberbullying.

Pain intensity and physical performance among individuals with fibromyalgia in mid-to-late life: The influence of depressive symptoms

2021 ◽  
pp. 135910532110092
Author(s):  
Dylan G Serpas ◽  
Laura Zettel-Watson ◽  
Barbara J Cherry
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Pain Intensity ◽  
Physical Performance ◽  
Walk Test ◽  
Mediation Analyses ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
6 Minute Walk Test ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Minute Walk

This study investigated the mediating role of depressive symptoms among 147 middle-aged and older adults with FM in the relationship between pain intensity and 4 objective measures of physical performance: Fullerton Advanced Balance scale (FAB), 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT), 30-Second Chair Stand (30SCS), and 8-Foot Up and Go Test (8FUPGT). Asymptotic mediation analyses revealed that depressive symptoms fully mediated the relationship between pain intensity and FAB (95% CI [−0.40, −0.10]) and 8FUPGT (CI [0.02, 0.11]) and partially mediated the relationship to 6MWT (CI [−9.15, −2.20]) and 30SCS (CI [−0.29, −0.06]). Findings support the evaluation of co-morbid depression in FM.

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