The Relationship between Right–wing Attitudes and Cognitive Style: A Comparison of Self–report and Behavioural Measures of Rigidity and Intolerance of Ambiguity

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 523-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alain Van Hiel ◽  
Emma Onraet ◽  
Howard M Crowson ◽  
Arne Roets
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Style ◽  
European Association ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Total N ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Intolerance Of Ambiguity

Two recent meta–analytic studies addressing the relationship between cognitive style and right–wing attitudes yielded some discrepancies. We argue that these discrepancies can be accounted for when one considers the types of cognitive style measures included in those analyses. One of these analyses primarily relied on self–report measures, whereas the other relied on behavioural measures of cognitive style. Based on a new meta–analysis of 103 samples (total N = 12 714) focussing on behavioural and self–report measures of rigidity and intolerance of ambiguity, we confirmed the hypothesis that self–report scales yield stronger relationships with right–wing attitudes than behavioural measures. We point out potential conceptual and validity issues with both types of cognitive style measures and call for cautiousness when interpreting the magnitude of their relationships with ideology. Copyright © 2016 European Association of Personality Psychology

scholarly journals Loneliness and the Big Five Personality Traits: A Meta–Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne Buecker ◽  
Marlies Maes ◽  
Jaap J. A. Denissen ◽  
Maike Luhmann
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Big Five ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Variance Estimation ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Personality Factors ◽  
Big Five Personality ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Total N

This preregistered meta–analysis ( k = 113, total n = 93 668) addressed how the Big Five dimensions of personality (extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness) are related to loneliness. Robust variance estimation accounting for the dependency of effect sizes was used to compute meta–analytic bivariate correlations between loneliness and personality. Extraversion ( r = −.370), agreeableness ( r = −.243), conscientiousness ( r = −.202), and openness ( r = −.107) were negatively related to loneliness. Neuroticism ( r = .358) was positively related to loneliness. These associations differed meaningfully in strength depending on how loneliness was assessed. Additionally, meta–analytic structural equation modelling was used to investigate the unique association between each personality trait and loneliness while controlling for the other four personality traits. All personality traits except openness remained statistically significantly associated with loneliness when controlling for the other personality traits. Our results show the importance of stable personality factors in explaining individual differences in loneliness. © 2020 European Association of Personality Psychology

scholarly journals Moral Foundations Theory and the Psychology of Charitable Giving

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 431-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Artur Nilsson ◽  
Arvid Erlandsson ◽  
Daniel Västfjäll
Keyword(s):  
Political Ideology ◽  
Charitable Giving ◽  
European Association ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Moral Foundations ◽  
Moral Foundations Theory ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Moral Behaviour ◽  
Harm Prevention ◽  
The Relationship

Moral foundations theory proposes that intuitions about what is morally right or wrong rest upon a set of universal foundations. Although this theory has generated a recent surge of research, few studies have investigated the real–world moral consequences of the postulated moral intuitions. We show that they are predictably associated with an important type of moral behaviour. Stronger individualizing intuitions (fairness and harm prevention) and weaker binding intuitions (loyalty, authority, and sanctity) were associated with the willingness to comply with a request to volunteer for charity and with the amount of self–reported donations to charity organizations. Among participants who complied with the request, individualizing intuitions predicted the allocation of donations to causes that benefit out–groups, whereas binding intuitions predicted the allocation of donations to causes that benefit the in–group. The associations between moral foundations and self–report measures of allocations in a hypothetical dilemma and concern with helping in–group and out–group victims were similar. Moral foundations predicted charitable giving over and above effects of political ideology, religiosity, and demographics, although variables within these categories also exhibited unique effects on charitable giving and accounted for a portion of the relationship between moral foundations and charitable giving. © 2020 The Authors. European Journal of Personality published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Association of Personality Psychology

The Suppression and Justification of Prejudice as A Function of Political Orientation

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell J. Webster ◽  
Mason D. Burns ◽  
Margot Pickering ◽  
Donald A. Saucier
Keyword(s):  
Gay Men ◽  
Social Dominance ◽  
European Association ◽  
Social Dominance Orientation ◽  
Political Orientation ◽  
The Political ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Right Wing Authoritarianism ◽  
The Relationship

Politically conservative (versus liberal) individuals generally report more prejudice towards various low–status out–groups. Three studies examined whether prejudice suppression factors—specifically, internal and external motivation to suppress (IMS and EMS, respectively) prejudice—can help explain the relationship between political orientation and prejudice. Study 1 showed that IMS and EMS partially mediated the relationship between political orientation and affective prejudice towards Arabs. Study 2 demonstrated that when justification [right–wing authoritarianism (RWA) and social dominance orientation] and suppression (IMS and EMS) factors are simultaneously tested as mediators, only RWA partially mediated the relationship between political orientation and prejudice towards deviant (e.g. gay men) out–groups, whereas RWA and IMS fully mediated the relationship between political orientation and prejudice towards derogated out–groups (e.g. Blacks). Intriguingly, IMS rendered social dominance orientation effects non–significant for derogated out–groups. Study 3 showed that anticipating an out–group interaction (with a Black or lesbian confederate) diminished the mediational contribution of IMS in the political orientation–prejudice relationship because of increased IMS among participants; yet the increases in IMS did not completely eliminate differences in prejudice as a function of political orientation. Ultimately, these three studies demonstrate that suppression (in addition to justification) factors do help explain the relationship between political orientation and prejudice. Copyright © 2013 European Association of Personality Psychology.

Personality in Action: Assessing Personality to Identify an ‘Ideal’ Conscientious Response Type with Two Different Behavioural Tasks

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 808-825
Author(s):  
Gabriela Gniewosz ◽  
Tuulia M. Ortner ◽  
Thomas Scherndl
Keyword(s):  
European Association ◽  
Cognitive Styles ◽  
Personality Characteristics ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Subjective Response ◽  
Response Type ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Typological Approach ◽  
Related Response

Performance on achievement tests is characterized by an interplay of different individual attributes such as personality traits, motivation or cognitive styles. However, the prediction of individuals’ performance from classical self–report personality measures obtained during large and comprehensive aptitude assessments is biased by, for example, subjective response tendencies. This study goes beyond by using behavioural data based on two different types of tasks, requiring different conscientious–related response behaviours. Moreover, a typological approach is proposed, which includes different behavioural indicators to obtain information on complex personality characteristics. © 2020 The Authors. European Journal of Personality published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Association of Personality Psychology

scholarly journals Well-Being and Romantic Relationships: A Systematic Review in Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (13) ◽  
pp. 2415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mercedes Gómez-López ◽  
Carmen Viejo ◽  
Rosario Ortega-Ruiz
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Romantic Relationships ◽  
Emerging Adulthood ◽  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Other ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship

Adolescence and emerging adulthood are both stages in which romantic relationships play a key role in development and can be a source of both well-being and negative outcomes. However, the limited number of studies prior to adulthood, along with the multiplicity of variables involved in the romantic context and the considerable ambiguity surrounding the construct of well-being, make it difficult to reach conclusions about the relationship between the two phenomena. This systematic review synthesizes the results produced into this topic over the last three decades. A total of 112 studies were included, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) guidelines. On the one hand, these works revealed the terminological heterogeneity in research on well-being and the way the absence of symptoms of illness are commonly used to measure it, while on the other hand, they also showed that romantic relationships can be an important source of well-being for both adolescents and emerging adults. The findings underline the importance of providing a better definition of well-being, as well as to attribute greater value to the significance of romantic relationships. Devoting greater empirical, educational, and community efforts to romantic development in the stages leading up to adulthood are considered necessary actions in promoting the well-being of young people.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Mind-Body Dualism and Personal Values

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 126
Author(s):  
Gunne Grankvist ◽  
Petri Kajonius ◽  
Bjorn Persson
Keyword(s):  
Personal Values ◽  
Mental States ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Beliefs And Values ◽  
Mind And Body ◽  
The Mind ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship

<p>Dualists view the mind and the body as two fundamental different “things”, equally real and independent of each other. Cartesian thought, or substance dualism, maintains that the mind and body are two different substances, the non-physical and the physical, and a causal relationship is assumed to exist between them. Physicalism, on the other hand, is the idea that everything that exists is either physical or totally dependent of and determined by physical items. Hence, all mental states are fundamentally physical states. In the current study we investigated to what degree Swedish university students’ beliefs in mind-body dualism is explained by the importance they attach to personal values. A self-report inventory was used to measure their beliefs and values. Students who held stronger dualistic beliefs attach less importance to the power value (i.e., the effort to achieve social status, prestige, and control or dominance over people and resources). This finding shows that the strength in laypeople’s beliefs in dualism is partially explained by the importance they attach to personal values.</p>

A Study on the Relationship between Positive and Negative Affect Based on LST Model

2013 ◽  
Vol 718-720 ◽  
pp. 2508-2512
Author(s):  
Yong Zhao ◽  
Xiang Sun ◽  
Rui Rui Lian ◽  
Song Lin Chen ◽  
Li Li Liu
Keyword(s):  
Negative Affect ◽  
Organizational Behavior ◽  
Personality Characteristic ◽  
Individual Performance ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Dualistic Structure ◽  
Lst Model ◽  
The Relationship

As an important personality characteristic, affect can influence the organizational behavior and individual performance [1,2,, and affect study has obtained more and more attention in the field of organizational behavior and personality psychology. Positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA) are considered as the basic structural dimensions of self-report affect experience and have been confirmed by trans-cultural studies[4,5,. The so-called PA is the tendency of experiencing happy of an individual, while NA is the tendency of experiencing unhappy of an individual[. Scholars have designed different schedules to measure PA and NA and study relationship between them, and have certified the dualistic structure of PA/NA, but they are mutually independent two dimensions, thus there still exists more or less relevancy and no unanimous viewpoint is formed[8,.

scholarly journals Liberals and Conservatives are Similarly Motivated to Avoid Exposure to One Another’s Opinions

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy Abraham Frimer ◽  
Linda Skitka ◽  
Matt Motyl
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Dissonance ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Selective Exposure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Culture War ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Shared Reality ◽  
Political Left ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Relationship

Ideologically committed people are similarly motivated to avoid ideologically crosscutting information. Although some previous research has found that political conservatives may be more prone to selective exposure than liberals are, we find similar selective exposure motives on the political left and right across a variety of issues. The majority of people on both sides of the same-sex marriage debate willingly gave up a chance to win money to avoid hearing from the other side (Study 1). When thinking back to the 2012 U.S. Presidential election (Study 2), ahead to upcoming elections in the U.S. and Canada (Study 3), and about a range of other Culture War issues (Study 4), liberals and conservatives reported similar aversion toward learning about the views of their ideological opponents. Their lack of interest was not due to already being informed about the other side or attributable election fatigue. Rather, people on both sides indicated that they anticipated that hearing from the other side would induce cognitive dissonance (e.g., require effort, cause frustration) and undermine a sense of shared reality with the person expressing disparate views (e.g., damage the relationship; Study 5). A high-powered meta-analysis of our data sets (N = 2417) did not detect a difference in the intensity of liberals' (d = 0.63) and conservatives' (d = 0.58) desires to remain in their respective ideological bubbles.

scholarly journals Meta-Analytic Use of Balanced Identity Theory to Validate the Implicit Association Test

2020 ◽  
pp. 014616722091663 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dario Cvencek ◽  
Andrew N. Meltzoff ◽  
Craig D. Maddox ◽  
Brian A. Nosek ◽  
Laurie A. Rudman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Identity Theory ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Association Test ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Individual Subject ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Total N

This meta-analysis evaluated theoretical predictions from balanced identity theory (BIT) and evaluated the validity of zero points of Implicit Association Test (IAT) and self-report measures used to test these predictions. Twenty-one researchers contributed individual subject data from 36 experiments (total N = 12,773) that used both explicit and implicit measures of the social–cognitive constructs. The meta-analysis confirmed predictions of BIT’s balance–congruity principle and simultaneously validated interpretation of the IAT’s zero point as indicating absence of preference between two attitude objects. Statistical power afforded by the sample size enabled the first confirmations of balance–congruity predictions with self-report measures. Beyond these empirical results, the meta-analysis introduced a within-study statistical test of the balance–congruity principle, finding that it had greater efficiency than the previous best method. The meta-analysis’s full data set has been publicly archived to enable further studies of interrelations among attitudes, stereotypes, and identities.

A Meta-Analysis of the Relationship between Cannabis, Opiates, Cocaine, Heroin, or other Illegal Drug Use and Student Academic and Behavioral Outcomes

2021 ◽  
pp. 001312452110045
Author(s):  
William H. Jeynes
Keyword(s):  
Middle School ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Behavioral Outcomes ◽  
Illegal Drug ◽  
Drug Consumption ◽  
The Other ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
The Relationship

The meta-analysis, that included 75 studies, examined the relationship between illegal drug consumption, on the one hand, and student academic and behavioral outcomes, on the other, for the middle school to college grade levels. The meta-analysis first (research question #1) addressed whether there is a statistically significant relationship between illegal drug consumption and student academic and behavioral outcomes. A second question assessed whether there was a statistically significant relationship between the consumption of specific kinds of illegal drugs and student academic and behavioral outcomes (research question #2). The third analysis distinguished between the effects for educational- and behavioral-outcomes to see whether the consumption of illegal drugs was associated with one more than the other (research question #3). Fourth, there were analyses to determine whether the effects that emerged under the first two research questions differed by the age of the student (research question #4). The fifth analysis (research question #5) assessed whether the effects that emerged under the first two research questions differed by the race of the student. The results indicated widespread statistically significant effects for all the drugs under study. The extent of the effects were considerably greater for college students than they were for middle school students.

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