Application of feedback-controlled pulse shaping for control of CARS spectra: the role of phase and amplitude modulation

2007 ◽  
Vol 38 (8) ◽  
pp. 1006-1021 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Konradi ◽  
A. Scaria ◽  
V. Namboodiri ◽  
A. Materny
Keyword(s):  
Amplitude Modulation ◽  
Pulse Shaping

scholarly journals Resolving competing theories for control of the jamming avoidance response: the role of amplitude modulations in electric organ discharge decelerations

1999 ◽  
Vol 202 (10) ◽  
pp. 1377-1386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Takizawa ◽  
G.J. Rose ◽  
M. Kawasaki
Keyword(s):  
Avoidance Response ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Phase Difference ◽  
Amplitude Modulation ◽  
Electric Organ Discharge ◽  
Modulation Depth ◽  
Electric Organ ◽  
Jamming Avoidance Response ◽  
Jamming Avoidance

The algorithm for the control of the jamming avoidance response (JAR) of Eigenmannia has been the subject of debate for over two decades. Two competing theories have been proposed to explain how fish determine the correct direction to shift their pacemaker frequency during jamming. One theory emphasizes the role of time-asymmetric beat envelopes, while the other emphasizes the role of amplitude- and phase-difference computations that arise from the differences in spatial geometry of the electric fields of neighboring fish. In repeating earlier experiments, we found that the decision to raise or lower the pacemaker frequency reliably above or below its resting level depends on the latter process, and that frequency deceleration responses to amplitude modulation appear to be sufficient to explain previous experimental results on which the former theory is based. Specifically, fish of the genus Eigenmannia show differential deceleration responses to asymmetric beat envelopes. The deceleration responses do not require phase modulation and show a sensitivity for amplitude modulation depth and selectivity for amplitude modulation rate comparable with that of JARs that are elicited when amplitude- and phase-difference information is available.

Locating two sound sources: The role of amplitude modulation and spectral content.

2011 ◽  
Vol 129 (4) ◽  
pp. 2488-2488
Author(s):  
Willim A. Yost ◽  
Christopher Brown ◽  
Farris Walling
Keyword(s):  
Amplitude Modulation ◽  
Sound Sources ◽  
Spectral Content

Role of pulse shaping in control of focus and intensity of terahertz radiation

2019 ◽  
Vol 383 (24) ◽  
pp. 2891-2896 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reenu Gill ◽  
Hitendra K. Malik
Keyword(s):  
Terahertz Radiation ◽  
Pulse Shaping

scholarly journals Role of muscle spindle feedback in regulating muscle activity strength during walking at different speed in mice

2018 ◽  
Vol 120 (5) ◽  
pp. 2484-2497 ◽  
Author(s):  
William P. Mayer ◽  
Andrew J. Murray ◽  
Susan Brenner-Morton ◽  
Thomas M. Jessell ◽  
Warren G. Tourtellotte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Spindle ◽  
Amplitude Modulation ◽  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Sensory Feedback ◽  
Walking Speed ◽  
Muscle Spindles ◽  
Afferent Feedback ◽  
Triceps Surae ◽  
Extensor Muscles

Terrestrial animals increase their walking speed by increasing the activity of the extensor muscles. However, the mechanism underlying how this speed-dependent amplitude modulation is achieved remains obscure. Previous studies have shown that group Ib afferent feedback from Golgi tendon organs that signal force is one of the major regulators of the strength of muscle activity during walking in cats and humans. In contrast, the contribution of group Ia/II afferent feedback from muscle spindle stretch receptors that signal angular displacement of leg joints is unclear. Some studies indicate that group II afferent feedback may be important for amplitude regulation in humans, but the role of muscle spindle feedback in regulation of muscle activity strength in quadrupedal animals is very poorly understood. To examine the role of feedback from muscle spindles, we combined in vivo electrophysiology and motion analysis with mouse genetics and gene delivery with adeno-associated virus. We provide evidence that proprioceptive sensory feedback from muscle spindles is important for the regulation of the muscle activity strength and speed-dependent amplitude modulation. Furthermore, our data suggest that feedback from the muscle spindles of the ankle extensor muscles, the triceps surae, is the main source for this mechanism. In contrast, muscle spindle feedback from the knee extensor muscles, the quadriceps femoris, has no influence on speed-dependent amplitude modulation. We provide evidence that proprioceptive feedback from ankle extensor muscles is critical for regulating muscle activity strength as gait speed increases. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Animals upregulate the activity of extensor muscles to increase their walking speed, but the mechanism behind this is not known. We show that this speed-dependent amplitude modulation requires proprioceptive sensory feedback from muscle spindles of ankle extensor muscle. In the absence of muscle spindle feedback, animals cannot walk at higher speeds as they can when muscle spindle feedback is present.

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