Assessing the role of alternative response rates and reinforcer rates in resistance to extinction of target responding when combining stimuli

2016 ◽  
Vol 105 (3) ◽  
pp. 427-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher A. Podlesnik ◽  
John Y. H. Bai ◽  
Katherine A. Skinner
Keyword(s):  
Response Rates ◽  
Alternative Response ◽  
Resistance To Extinction

scholarly journals Conditional Control of Instrumental Avoidance by Context Following Extinction

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent D. Campese ◽  
Lauren A. Brannigan ◽  
Joseph E. LeDoux
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Control ◽  
Response Rates ◽  
Training Context ◽  
Extinction Learning ◽  
Retention Testing ◽  
Conditional Control ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Pavlovian Extinction ◽  
Contrast Response

Using rodents, three training arrangements (i.e., ABB vs. ABA, AAA vs. AAB and ABB vs. ABC) explored whether extinction influences the expression of avoidance in a manner controlled by context. Retention testing following extinction showed that more avoidance responding (i.e., renewal) was observed when extinguished cues were tested outside of the context where they had undergone extinction. In contrast, response rates were significantly lower when stimuli were tested within the context where extinction learning had occurred. These findings add to the emerging literature assessing the role of Pavlovian extinction processes in the development of instrumental avoidance responding by demonstrating conditional control over extinguished responding by context. This study was conducted using a within-subjects approach that minimized the potential for context-outcome associations to bias responding, and thus, reflects hierarchical control over behavior based on the specific associative status of each tested cue in each training context.

Role of serial quantitative gallium-67 tumor uptake in assessing response rates for chemotherapy in lymphoma patients

2008 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 527-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nasser S. Ballani ◽  
Haider A. Khan ◽  
Shihab H. Al-Mohannadi ◽  
Fawaz Abu Al-Huda ◽  
Sharjeel Usmani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Response Rates ◽  
Tumor Uptake ◽  
Gallium 67

Role of Chemotherapy and Rituximab for Treatment of Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder in Solid Organ Transplantation

2007 ◽  
Vol 41 (10) ◽  
pp. 1648-1659 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin-Joo Lee ◽  
Masha SH Lam ◽  
Amy Rosenberg
Keyword(s):  
Organ Transplantation ◽  
Lymphoproliferative Disorder ◽  
Disease Onset ◽  
Solid Organ Transplantation ◽  
Response Rates ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Solid Organ ◽  
Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder ◽  
Early Disease

Objective: To evaluate the role of chemotherapy and/or rituximab for treatment of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) in solid organ transplantation. Data Sources: A MEDLINE search (1966–May 2007) was conducted using the key words posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder, solid organ transplantation, chemotherapy, and rituximab. References of relevant articles and abstracts from recent hematology, oncology, and transplantation scientific meetings (2004–May 2007) were also reviewed. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Prospective and retrospective studies identified from the data sources were evaluated, and all information deemed relevant was included for this review. Data Synthesis: Overall response rates ranged from 53% to 68%, 25% to 83%, and 74% to 100% for rituximab monotherapy, chemotherapy, and chemotherapy plus rituximab, respectively. Positive response to treatment was influenced by prognostic factors, including presence of Epstein-Barr virus in tumor cells, normal lactate dehydrogenase levels, good performance status, early disease onset after transplantation, and early disease stages. These factors in study patients likely contribute to the variability in response rates seen between treatment options. Severe adverse effects, ranging from grade 3 neutropenia to infection resulting in death, occurred more frequently in patients receiving chemotherapy than in patients receiving only rituximab. Conclusions: Although reduction in immunosuppressive medications remains the first-line therapy for PTLD treatment, many cases do not respond to this treatment alone, especially monomorphic or more aggressive cases of lymphoma. Therefore, it is reasonable to begin active treatment including rituximab and/or chemotherapy initially, along with reduction in immunosuppression in many cases. Further prospective, comparative studies are urgently needed to confirm the efficacy of these treatment strategies as well as to clarify which subset of patients may benefit most from them.

Real world outcomes in advanced urothelial cancer and the role of neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio.

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e16020-e16020
Author(s):  
Steven Yip ◽  
Jeenan Kaiser ◽  
Haocheng Li ◽  
Scott A. North ◽  
Daniel Yick Chin Heng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Response Rates ◽  
Neutrophil To Lymphocyte Ratio ◽  
Second Line ◽  
First Line ◽  
Cox Regression Analysis ◽  
Lymphocyte Ratio ◽  
Line Setting

e16020 Background: Advanced urothelial carcinoma (UC) patients have a poor prognosis. In the first and second line UC treatment setting, we investigated real world outcomes and evaluated the prognostic role of the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR). Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on advanced UC patients treated with systemic therapy. Overall response rates (ORR), time to treatment failure (TTF) and overall survival (OS) were calculated. Cox regression analysis was performed to examine the association between baseline NLR (low NLR<3 vs high NLR≥3) and TTF and OS. Results: We evaluated 233 advanced UC patients. In the first line setting, the ORR was 25%. Median TTF and OS were 6.9 mo and 9 mo, respectively. Low baseline NLR was significantly associated with improved 8.3 mo median TTF, versus 5.8 mo for high NLR patients (p=0.05). Low NLR was significantly correlated with a longer median OS of 13.1 mo, in comparison to 8.2 mo in patients with high NLR (p=0.007). In the second line, an ORR of 22%, a median TTF of 4.1 mo and a median OS of 8 mo were observed. Low NLR in the second line was significantly associated with improved median TTF at 7.9 mo, versus 3.6 mo for patients with high NLR (p=0.03). Second line low NLR was also significantly associated with a longer median OS of 12.2 mo, in comparison to 6.8 mo in patients with high NLR (p=0.003). Conclusions: In this real world analysis of advanced UC patients, first line outcomes were lower than expected, while response rates in the second line compared favorably to the literature, suggesting a highly selected patient population actually receives second line treatment. A low baseline NLR in the first and second line is associated with improved TTF and OS and warrants further prospective evaluation. [Table: see text]

The role of overlearning trials in determining resistance to extinction.

1961 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 345-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan R. Murillo ◽  
E. J. Capaldi
Keyword(s):  
Resistance To Extinction
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