Inhibition of hard scale in boilers, and the action of static charges upon colloids

1946 ◽  
Vol 65 (12) ◽  
pp. 433-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. B. Willey
Keyword(s):  
Hard Scale

P PENANGGULANGAN SCALE CaCO_3 PADA SUMUR PF1 LAPANGAN 26 DI PT PERTAMINA EP ASSET 2 FIELD LIMAU

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (02) ◽  
pp. 35-45
Author(s):  
Roni Alida ◽  
Prima Fandra
Keyword(s):  
Productivity Index ◽  
Soft Scale ◽  
Hard Scale ◽  
Inside Diameter

Scale merupakan suatu endapan yang mengkristal dari air formasi di suatu bidang khusunya flowline yang dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor seperti suhu, pH, tekanan, dan kandung ion senyawa kimia yang ada di air formasi tersebut. Jenis- jenis scale ialah hard scale, soft scale dan misc. Scale dapat  mengganggu laju alir dari suatu sumur dikarenakan scale dapat membuat pengecilan inside diameter (ID) dari pipa produksi. Pada sumur PF1 Lapangan 26 yang ada di PT Pertamina EP Asset 2 Field Limau, scale terbentuk di-flowline, karena adanya peningkatan tekanan pada flowline. Pada sumur ini scale yang terbentuk berjenis CaC. Hal ini  dibuktikan dengan kandungan ion senyawa kimia yang ada di air formasinya dan telah dilakukannya perhitungan mengunakan metode Stiff Davis dengan SI 1.17. Scale ini hanya akan larut pada asam, sesuai dengan karakteristik scale tersebut. Pada situasi ini asam  yang digunakan untuk proses penanggulangan berjenis asam HCl. Setelah proses penanggulangan scale CaC dilakukan, hasil evaluasi terlihat pada Productivity index (PI) dan Trend produksi di Sumur PF1 Lapangan 26 terjadi peningkatan. Sehingga proses penanggulangan scale CaC tersebut dikatakan berhasil.

scholarly journals Soft and Hard Scale QCD Dynamics in Mesons

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Nguyen ◽  
N. A. Souchlas ◽  
P. C. Tandy ◽  
Alejandro Ayala ◽  
Guillermo Contreras ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hard Scale

scholarly journals HARD DIFFRACTION — 20 YEARS LATER

2006 ◽  
Vol 21 (08n09) ◽  
pp. 1805-1818 ◽  
Author(s):  
GUNNAR INGELMAN
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Higgs Production ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
High Quality ◽  
High Quality Data ◽  
Hard Scale ◽  
Parton Level ◽  
Interesting Possibility ◽  
Active Research

The idea of diffractive processes with a hard scale involved, to resolve the underlying parton dynamics, was published 1985 and experimentally verified 1988. Today hard diffraction is an active research field with high-quality data and new theoretical models. The trend from Regge-based pomeron models to QCD-based parton level models has given insights on QCD dynamics involving perturbative gluon exchange mechanisms, including the predicted BFKL-dynamics, as well as novel ideas on non-perturbative colour fields and their interactions. Extrapolations to the LHC include the interesting possibility of diffractive Higgs production.

Formation of pirssonite in green liquor handling systems

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 33-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
TASNUVA ZAKIR ◽  
HONGHI TRAN ◽  
VLADIMIROS G. PAPANGELAKIS
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Carbonate ◽  
Kraft Pulp ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Pulp Mills ◽  
Hard Scale ◽  
Kraft Pulp Mill ◽  
Green Liquor ◽  
Kraft Pulp Mills ◽  
Alkali Salts

The formation of pirssonite is commonly believed to be the cause of hard-scale buildup in green liquor handling systems in kraft pulp mills. The precipitation occurs when the concentration of sodium carbonate in the liquor exceeds the solubility of pirssonite. A laboratory study was conducted to systematically determine the causticizing conditions under which pirssonite precipitates. The results confirmed literature data showing that the solubility of pirssonite increases with temperature but decreases with increased concentrations of sodium carbonate and other sodium salts present in the green liquor. The solubility data obtained were used to create a database for pirssonite formation in OLI, a thermodynamic program for predicting phase stabilities of alkali salts in aqueous solutions. The OLI program, with the newly created database, was subsequently used to generate a series of pirssonite solubility curves in terms of saturated total titratable alkali that can be used as operational guidelines to prevent pirssonite precipitation and hard-scale formation in green liquor handling systems. A case study was performed using these solubility curves to explain the occurrence of the pirssonite deposition problem at a kraft pulp mill.

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