Differential mRNA expression of acetylcholinesterase in the central nervous system of rats with acute and chronic exposure of sarin & physostigmine

2009 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 386-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iti Bansal ◽  
C. K. Waghmare ◽  
T. Anand ◽  
A. K. Gupta ◽  
B. K. Bhattacharya
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Chronic Exposure ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Acute And Chronic Exposure ◽  
Differential Mrna Expression

Low concentrations of hydrogen sulphide alter monoamine levels in the developing rat central nervous system

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (11) ◽  
pp. 1515-1518 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Skrajny ◽  
R. S. Hannah ◽  
S. H. Roth
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Frontal Cortex ◽  
Hydrogen Sulphide ◽  
Chronic Exposure ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Target Organs ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Developing Rat

The central nervous system is one of the primary target organs for hydrogen sulphide (H2S) toxicity; however, there are limited data on the neurotoxic effects of low-dose chronic exposure on the developing nervous system. Levels of serotonin and norepinephrine in the developing rat cerebellum and frontal cortex were determined following chronic exposure to 20 and 75 ppm H2S during perinatal development. Both monoamines were altered in rats exposed to 75 ppm H2S compared with controls; serotonin levels were significantly increased at days 14 and 21 postnatal in both brain regions, and norepinephrine levels were significantly increased at days 7, 14, and 21 postnatal in cerebellum and at day 21 in the frontal cortex. Exposure to 20 ppm H2S significantly increased the levels of serotonin in the frontal cortex at day 21, whereas levels of norepinephrine were significantly reduced in the frontal cortex at days 14 and 21, and at day 14 in the cerebellum.Key words: hydrogen sulphide, monoamines, serotonin, norepinephrine, neurotoxicity.

Iatrogenic Withdrawal Syndromes in Children: A Review of Sedative and Analgesic Weaning

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Blake Windsor ◽  
Jean Solodiuk
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Early Identification ◽  
Chronic Exposure ◽  
Cellular Responses ◽  
Opioid Tolerance ◽  
Gastrointestinal Dysfunction ◽  
Safe Management ◽  
Withdrawal Syndromes ◽  
Acute And Chronic Exposure

Iatrogenic withdrawal syndromes develop in children exposed to prolonged sedative and analgesic medications. Signs of withdrawal include central nervous system irritability, gastrointestinal dysfunction, and autonomic dysfunction. The most important steps to the safe management of sedative and analgesic weaning in children are the early identification of the risk of withdrawal, use of a validated withdrawal assessment scale, use of nonpharmacologic interventions, and administration of medication for weaning, if indicated. This article reviews the physiologic mechanisms of opioid tolerance and withdrawal, validated pediatric withdrawal scales, and safe management of iatrogenic withdrawal syndromes. Figures illustrate cellular responses to acute and chronic exposure to opioids. A suggested algorithm for the safe and rapid weaning of sedative and analgesic medications, using the best available evidence, is discussed. Key words: analgesic weaning, opioid tolerance, pediatric withdrawal, sedation weaning, weaning algorithm for children

Tetrachloroethene. Documentation of proposed values of occupational exposure limits (OELs)

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (4(102)) ◽  
pp. 111-151
Author(s):  
Renata Soćko
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Biological Material ◽  
Capillary Blood ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Sufficient Evidence ◽  
Production Volume ◽  
Carcinogenic Effect ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Acute And Chronic Exposure

etrachloroethene is a colorless, volatile liquid used as a chlorinated solvent in chemical laundries, in metal, machine, aerospace and paint and varnish removers. It is an intermediate for the synthesis of chemical compounds. It has found use as a medium in heat exchangers, in veterinary medicine and for disinfection of grain by fumigation. The production volume of tetrachloroethene in the EU is 100,000–1,000,000 t / year. The monograph along with the proposed hygiene standard for tetrachloroethene was re-developed due to the setting of a new limit value in biological material (BLV) in SCOEL, including measurement of tetrachloroethene concentration in exhaled air and a decrease in BLV value in blood, compared to the one recommended by the Inter-Ministry Committee for OEL and OEL the value of permissible concentration of tetrachloroethene in biological material (DSB). According to SCOEL, for substances absorbed through the skin, including tetrachloroethene, there is a particular need to monitor workers' biological exposure to ensure the highest possible level of protection. According to the harmonized EU classification, tetrachloroethene is a category-2 carcinogen with risk phrase: Suspected of causing cancer. There is limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect of tetrachloroethene in humans and sufficient evidence of a carcinogenic effect in laboratory animals (hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatocellular adenoma and lymphocytic leukemia). In both humans and laboratory animals, the effects of acute and chronic exposure to tetrachloroethene are primarily associated with the central nervous system, liver and kidneys. Central nervous system disorders are manifested by headache, dizziness, impairment or abnormal coordination, and other disorders found with neuropsychological tests. Acute inhalation toxicity is also irritating to tetrachloroethene on the eyes and respiratory mucosa. The metabolites of tetrachloroethene are mainly responsible for its metabolites formed in the process of conjugation with glutathione in the liver and then activated in the kidneys with the participation of beta-lyase. The results of epidemiological studies do not clearly indicate the effect of tetrachloroethene on human reproduction or embryotoxic effects. Admittedly, effects on reproduction, embryotoxic and teratogenic effects of tetrachloroethene have been reported in some studies on laboratory animals, exposed to this substance in very high concentrations, though. In Poland, the maximum permissible concentration of tetrachloroethe at 85 mg/m3 and the maximum permissible instantaneous concentration at 170 mg / m3 are currently in force. The determined DSB value is 1.2 mg tetrachloroethene / L capillary blood in a sample taken 15–20 min after the end of work on the 4th and 5th day of exposure. The critical effect of tetrachloroete are disorders in the central nervous system. The value of the hygiene standard was derived based on the LOAEL value (lowest concentration causing harmful effects) of 680 mg /m3, obtained from a study on volunteers exposed to tetrachloroethene for 1 h. In volunteers at the tested concentration headache and drowsiness and slight eye irritation were noted. The proposed MAC value for tetrachloroethene is 85 mg/m3, and the MAC value is 170 mg/m3. It was proposed to take a concentration of 0.3 mg/l capillary blood collected before the last work shift on the 5th day of work as the DSB value of tetrachloroethene. It was recommended to label tetrachloroethene with the notation "skin" (absorption of the substance through the skin may be as important as when inhaled). This article discusses the problems of occupational safety and health, which are covered by health sciences and environmental engineering.

scholarly journals Thyrotrophin-releasing hormone receptor 1 and prothyrotrophin-releasing hormone mRNA expression in the central nervous system are regulated by suckling in lactating rats

2005 ◽  
Vol 152 (5) ◽  
pp. 791-803 ◽  
Author(s):  
Åse-Karine Fjeldheim ◽  
Per Ivar Høvring ◽  
Ole-Petter Løseth ◽  
Per Wiik Johansen ◽  
Joel C Glover ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Plasma Prolactin ◽  
Thyrotrophin Releasing Hormone ◽  
Releasing Hormone ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Plasma Prl

Background: The accepted function of the hypothalamic peptide, thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH), is to initiate release of thyrotrophin (TSH) from the pituitary. A physiological role for TRH in lactating rats has not yet been established. Methods: Tissues were prepared from random-cycling and lactating rats and analysed using Northern blot, real time RT-PCR and quantitative in situ hybridisation. Results: This study demonstrates that TRH receptor 1 (TRHR1) mRNA expression is up-regulated in the pituitary and in discrete nuclei of the hypothalamus in lactating rats, while proTRH mRNA expression levels are increased only in the hypothalamus. The results were corroborated by quantitative in situ analysis of proTRH and TRHR1. Bromocriptine, which reduced prolactin (PRL) concentrations in plasma of lactating and nursing rats, also counteracted the suckling-induced increase in TRHR1 mRNA expression in the hypothalamus, but had an opposite effect in the pituitary. These changes were confined to the hypothalamus and the amygdala in the brain. Conclusions: The present study shows that the mechanisms of suckling-induced lactation involve region-specific regulation of TRHR1 and proTRH mRNAs in the central nervous system notably at the hypothalamic level. The results demonstrate that continued suckling is critical to maintain plasma prolactin (PRL) levels as well as proTRH and TRHR1 mRNA expression in the hypothalamus. Increased plasma PRL levels may have a positive modulatory role on the proTRH/TRHR1 system during suckling.

scholarly journals Kinetics of Cytokine mRNA Expression in the Central Nervous System Following Lethal and Nonlethal Coronavirus-Induced Acute Encephalomyelitis

Virology ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 233 (2) ◽  
pp. 260-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatriz Parra ◽  
David R. Hinton ◽  
Mark T. Lin ◽  
Daniel J. Cua ◽  
Stephen A. Stohlman
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Cytokine Mrna ◽  
Cytokine Mrna Expression ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Kinetics Of
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