scholarly journals Kinetics of Cytokine mRNA Expression in the Central Nervous System Following Lethal and Nonlethal Coronavirus-Induced Acute Encephalomyelitis

Virology ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 233 (2) ◽  
pp. 260-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatriz Parra ◽  
David R. Hinton ◽  
Mark T. Lin ◽  
Daniel J. Cua ◽  
Stephen A. Stohlman
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Cytokine Mrna ◽  
Cytokine Mrna Expression ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Kinetics Of

scholarly journals Age-Dependent Differences in Pseudorabies Virus Neuropathogenesis and Associated Cytokine Expression

2016 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Verpoest ◽  
Brigitte Cay ◽  
Herman Favoreel ◽  
Nick De Regge
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Viral Replication ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Neurological Disease ◽  
Pseudorabies Virus ◽  
Cytokine Mrna ◽  
Cytokine Mrna Expression ◽  
Age Dependent

ABSTRACT The severity of clinical symptoms induced by pseudorabies virus (PRV) infection of its natural host is inversely related to the age of the pig. During this study, 2- and 15-week-old pigs were inoculated with PRV strain NIA3. This resulted in important clinical disease, although the associated morbidity and mortality were lower in older pigs. Quantitative PCR analysis of viral DNA in different organs confirmed the general knowledge on PRV pathogenesis. Several new findings and potential explanations for the observed age-dependent differences in virulence, however, were determined from the study of viral and cytokine mRNA expression at important sites of neuropathogenesis. First, only limited viral and cytokine mRNA expression was detected in the nasal mucosa, suggesting that other sites may serve as the primary replication site. Second, PRV reached the trigeminal ganglion (TG) and brain stem rapidly upon infection but, compared to 2-week-old pigs, viral replication was less pronounced in 15-week-old pigs, and the decrease in viral mRNA expression was not preceded by or associated with an increased cytokine expression. Third, extensive viral replication associated with a robust expression of cytokine mRNA was detected in the olfactory bulbs of pigs from both age categories and correlated with the observed neurological disease. Our results suggest that age-dependent differences in PRV-induced clinical signs are probably due to enhanced viral replication and associated immunopathology in immature TG and the central nervous system neurons of 2-week-old pigs and that neurological disease is related with extensive viral replication and an associated immune response in the olfactory bulb. IMPORTANCE It is well known that alphaherpesvirus infections of humans and animals result in more severe clinical disease in newborns than in older individuals and that this is probably related to differences in neuropathogenesis. The underlying mechanisms, however, remain unclear. Pseudorabies virus infection of its natural host, the pig, provides a suitable infection model to study this more profoundly. We show here that the severe neurological disease observed in 2-week-old pigs does not appear to be related to a hampered innate immune response but is more likely to reflect the immature development state of the trigeminal ganglia (TG) and central nervous system (CNS) neurons, resulting in an inefficient suppression of viral replication. In 15-week-old pigs, viral replication was efficiently suppressed in the TG and CNS without induction of an extensive immune response. Furthermore, our results provide evidence that neurological disease could, at least in part, be related to viral replication and associated immunopathology in the olfactory bulb.

Urea transport in the central nervous system

1962 ◽  
Vol 203 (4) ◽  
pp. 739-747 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles R. Kleeman ◽  
Hugh Davson ◽  
Emanuel Levin
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Nervous Tissue ◽  
Urea Transport ◽  
Major Barrier ◽  
Rate Of Penetration ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
The Brain ◽  
State Content

The kinetics of urea transport in the central nervous system have been studied in rabbits during sustained intravenous and intracisternal infusions of C12 and C14 urea. The steady state content of urea in the water phase of the white matter and cord was approximately equal to its content in plasma water. However, the water of whole brain and gray matter had levels of urea which exceeded those in plasma by 7 and 18%, respectively, whereas the urea in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was only 78% of the plasma level. Its rate of penetration into nervous tissue was approximately one-tenth as rapid as into muscle. The intravenous infusion of urea caused a significant decrease in water content of the brain and cord. It was estimated that urea infused into the subarachnoid space penetrated the central nervous system (CNS) tissues at four to five times the rate of transport from blood to CNS tissues. These studies suggest that intravenous infusions of urea lower CSF pressure by decreasing the volume of the brain and cord. The major barrier to urea penetration into nervous tissue is at the capillary level, and not the plasma membrane of the glial or neuronal cells.

The Kinetics of Cytokine mRNA Expression in the Retina during Experimental Autoimmune Uveoretinitis

1995 ◽  
Vol 164 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith Barton ◽  
Marie T. McLauchlan ◽  
Virginia L. Calder ◽  
Susan Lightman
Keyword(s):  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Cytokine Mrna ◽  
Cytokine Mrna Expression ◽  
Experimental Autoimmune Uveoretinitis ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Experimental Autoimmune

scholarly journals Post-translational Processing and Turnover Kinetics of Presynaptically Targeted Amyloid Precursor Superfamily Proteins in the Central Nervous System

1998 ◽  
Vol 273 (18) ◽  
pp. 11100-11106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alvin W. Lyckman ◽  
Anna Maria Confaloni ◽  
Gopal Thinakaran ◽  
Sangram S. Sisodia ◽  
Kenneth L. Moya
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Kinetics Of
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