Sex-specific alterations of cerebral cortical cell size in rats exposed prenatally to dioxin

2005 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rieko Hojo ◽  
Grazyna Zareba ◽  
Joshua W. Kai ◽  
Raymond B. Baggs ◽  
Bernard Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Cell Size ◽  
Cortical Cell

scholarly journals Benzyladenine Effects on Cell Division and Cell Size during Apple Fruit Thinning

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 852F-852
Author(s):  
Paul T. Wismer ◽  
J.T.A. Proctor ◽  
D.C. Elfving
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Control Cell ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Cortical Cell ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Fruit Thinning ◽  
Control Cell Division

Benzyladenine (BA), carbaryl (CB), daminozide (DM), and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) were applied postbloom, as fruitlet thinning agents, to mature `Empire' apple trees. Although fruit set and yield were similar for BA, NAA, and CB, BA-treated fruit were larger, indicating BA increased fruit size beyond the effect attributable to thinning. BA applied at 100 mg·liter–1 increased the rate of cell layer formation in the fruit cortex, indicating that BA stimulated cortical cell division. The maximum rate of cell division occurred 10 to 14 days after full bloom (DAFB) when fruit relative growth rate and density reached a maximum and percent dry weight reached a minimum. Cell size in BA-treated fruit was similar to the control. Cell division ended by 35 DAFB in the control and BA-treated fruit when percent dry weight and dry weight began to increase rapidly and fruit density changed from a rapid to a slower rate of decreased density. These data support the hypothesis that BA-induced fruit size increases in `Empire' apple result largely from greater numbers of cells in the fruit cortex, whereas the fruit size increase due to NAA or CB is a consequence of larger cell size.

scholarly journals Benzyladenine Affects Cell Division and Cell Size during Apple Fruit Thinning

1995 ◽  
Vol 120 (5) ◽  
pp. 802-807 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul T. Wismer ◽  
J.T.A. Proctor ◽  
D.C. Elfving
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Cortical Cell ◽  
Size Increase ◽  
Cell Diameter ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Division Rate ◽  
Return Bloom

Benzyladenine (BA), carbaryl (CB), daminozide (DM), and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) were applied postbloom as fruitlet thinning agents to mature `Empire' apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees. BA, NAA, and CB reduced fruit set and yield per tree, and increased fruit size, percent dry weight, soluble solidscontent and return bloom. Fruit size was reduced, return bloom, length: diameter ratio and flesh firmness were increased, and fruit set and yield unaltered by DM. Although fruit set and yield were similar for BA, NAA, and CB, BA treated fruit were larger, indicating that BA increased fruit size beyond the effect attributable to chemical thinning alone. BA increased the rate of cell layer formation in the fruit cortex, indicating that BA stimulated cortical cell division. NAA, CB and DM had no effect on cell division rate. Mean cortical cell diameter at harvest was increased by NAA and CB and reduced by DM. Cell diameter at harvest in BA-treated fruit was similar to the control. These data support the hypothesis that BA-induced fruit size increase in `Empire' apple results from greater numbers of cells in the fruit cortex, whereas the fruit size increase due to NAA or CB is a consequence of larger cell size. Chemical names used: N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purine-6-amine [benzyladenine (BA)]; 1-napthaleneacetic acid (NM); 1-naphthalenyl methylcarbamate [carbaryl (CB)]; butanedioic acid mono (2,2dimethyl hydrazide) [daminozide (DM)].

scholarly journals Asymmetric cortical extension shifts cleavage furrow position in Drosophila neuroblasts

2011 ◽  
Vol 22 (22) ◽  
pp. 4220-4226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marisa Connell ◽  
Clemens Cabernard ◽  
Derek Ricketson ◽  
Chris Q. Doe ◽  
Kenneth E. Prehoda
Keyword(s):  
G Protein ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Daughter Cell ◽  
Myosin Ii ◽  
Cortical Cell ◽  
G Protein Signaling ◽  
Cleavage Furrow ◽  
Protein Signaling ◽  
Daughter Cells ◽  
Heterotrimeric G Protein Signaling

The cytokinetic cleavage furrow is typically positioned symmetrically relative to the cortical cell boundaries, but it can also be asymmetric. The mechanisms that control furrow site specification have been intensively studied, but how polar cortex movements influence ultimate furrow position remains poorly understood. We measured the position of the apical and the basal cortex in asymmetrically dividing Drosophila neuroblasts and observed preferential displacement of the apical cortex that becomes the larger daughter cell during anaphase, effectively shifting the cleavage furrow toward the smaller daughter cell. Asymmetric cortical extension is correlated with the presence of cortical myosin II, which is polarized in neuroblasts. Loss of myosin II asymmetry by perturbing heterotrimeric G-protein signaling results in symmetric extension and equal-sized daughter cells. We propose a model in which contraction-driven asymmetric polar extension of the neuroblast cortex during anaphase contributes to asymmetric furrow position and daughter cell size.

scholarly journals The Physiology of Growth in Apple Fruits VII. Between-Tree Variation of Cell Physiology in Relation to Disorder Incidence

1954 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 211 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Martin ◽  
TL Lewis ◽  
J Cerny
Keyword(s):  
Cell Size ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Cortical Cell ◽  
Tree Size ◽  
Cell Physiology ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Apple Fruits

Mean cortical cell size, soluble and protein nitrogen per cell, preclimacteric respiration, mean fruit size, and incidence of disorders have been studied for fruit of each tree in a plot of 35 trees of Jonathan variety. These trees were remarkably uniform with regard to soil, aspect, tree size, and pollinating variety, but provided a range of mean fruit size per tree.

scholarly journals Large Root Cortical Cell Size Improves Drought Tolerance in Maize

2014 ◽  
Vol 166 (4) ◽  
pp. 2166-2178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph G. Chimungu ◽  
Kathleen M. Brown ◽  
Jonathan P. Lynch
Keyword(s):  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Cortical Cell ◽  
Large Root

Spindle scaling mechanisms

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 383-396
Author(s):  
Lara K. Krüger ◽  
Phong T. Tran
Keyword(s):  
Cell Size ◽  
Spindle Assembly ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Post Translational Modification ◽  
Size Dependent ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Chromosome Separation ◽  
Spindle Elongation ◽  
Protein Gradients ◽  
Spindle Structure

Abstract The mitotic spindle robustly scales with cell size in a plethora of different organisms. During development and throughout evolution, the spindle adjusts to cell size in metazoans and yeast in order to ensure faithful chromosome separation. Spindle adjustment to cell size occurs by the scaling of spindle length, spindle shape and the velocity of spindle assembly and elongation. Different mechanisms, depending on spindle structure and organism, account for these scaling relationships. The limited availability of critical spindle components, protein gradients, sequestration of spindle components, or post-translational modification and differential expression levels have been implicated in the regulation of spindle length and the spindle assembly/elongation velocity in a cell size-dependent manner. In this review, we will discuss the phenomenon and mechanisms of spindle length, spindle shape and spindle elongation velocity scaling with cell size.

Shifts in cell size and community composition of bacterioplankton due to grazing by heterotrophic flagellates: evidence from a marine system

2019 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 295-308
Author(s):  
MG Weinbauer ◽  
S Suominen ◽  
J Jezbera ◽  
ME Kerros ◽  
S Marro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Size ◽  
Community Composition ◽  
Heterotrophic Flagellates ◽  
Marine System
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