Spindle scaling mechanisms

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 383-396
Author(s):  
Lara K. Krüger ◽  
Phong T. Tran
Keyword(s):  
Cell Size ◽  
Spindle Assembly ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Post Translational Modification ◽  
Size Dependent ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Chromosome Separation ◽  
Spindle Elongation ◽  
Protein Gradients ◽  
Spindle Structure

Abstract The mitotic spindle robustly scales with cell size in a plethora of different organisms. During development and throughout evolution, the spindle adjusts to cell size in metazoans and yeast in order to ensure faithful chromosome separation. Spindle adjustment to cell size occurs by the scaling of spindle length, spindle shape and the velocity of spindle assembly and elongation. Different mechanisms, depending on spindle structure and organism, account for these scaling relationships. The limited availability of critical spindle components, protein gradients, sequestration of spindle components, or post-translational modification and differential expression levels have been implicated in the regulation of spindle length and the spindle assembly/elongation velocity in a cell size-dependent manner. In this review, we will discuss the phenomenon and mechanisms of spindle length, spindle shape and spindle elongation velocity scaling with cell size.

The expected population size in a cell-size-dependent branching process

1981 ◽  
Vol 18 (01) ◽  
pp. 65-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aidan Sudbury
Keyword(s):  
Cell Size ◽  
Exponential Growth ◽  
Branching Process ◽  
Expected Number ◽  
Size Dependent ◽  
Daughter Cells ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Dependent Growth ◽  
Number Of Cells

In cell-size-dependent growth the probabilistic rate of division of a cell into daughter-cells and the rate of increase of its size depend on its size. In this paper the expected number of cells in the population at time t is calculated for a variety of models, and it is shown that population growths slower and faster than exponential are both possible. When the cell sizes are bounded conditions are given for exponential growth.

scholarly journals Functional oscillation of a multienzyme glucosome assembly during cell cycle progression

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miji Jeon ◽  
Danielle L Schmitt ◽  
Minjoung Kyoung ◽  
Songon An
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Single Cell ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Cell Cycle Progression ◽  
Metabolic Adaptation ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Cycle Progression ◽  
Size Dependent ◽  
A Cell

Glucose metabolism has been studied extensively to understand functional interplays between metabolism and a cell cycle. However, our understanding of cell cycle-dependent metabolic adaptation particularly in human cells remains largely elusive. Meanwhile, human enzymes in glucose metabolism are shown to functionally organize into three different sizes of a multienzyme metabolic assembly, the glucosome, to regulate glucose flux in a size-dependent manner. Here, using fluorescence single-cell imaging techniques, we discover that glucosomes spatiotemporally oscillate during a cell cycle in an assembly size-dependent manner. Importantly, their oscillation at single-cell levels is in accordance with functional contributions of glucose metabolism to cell cycle progression at a population level. Collectively, we demonstrate functional oscillation of glucosomes during cell cycle progression and thus their biological significance to human cell biology.

scholarly journals Kinesin-6 regulates cell-size-dependent spindle elongation velocity to keep mitosis duration constant in fission yeast

eLife ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lara Katharina Krüger ◽  
Jérémie-Luc Sanchez ◽  
Anne Paoletti ◽  
Phong Thanh Tran
Keyword(s):  
Fission Yeast ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Temporal Regulation ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Size Dependent ◽  
Affect Cell Viability ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Spindle Elongation ◽  
Anaphase B

The length of the mitotic spindle scales with cell size in a wide range of organisms during embryonic development. Interestingly, in C. elegans embryos, this goes along with temporal regulation: larger cells speed up spindle assembly and elongation. We demonstrate that, similarly in fission yeast, spindle length and spindle dynamics adjust to cell size, which allows to keep mitosis duration constant. Since prolongation of mitosis was shown to affect cell viability, this may resemble a mechanism to regulate mitosis duration. We further reveal how the velocity of spindle elongation is regulated: coupled to cell size, the amount of kinesin-6 Klp9 molecules increases, resulting in an acceleration of spindle elongation in anaphase B. In addition, the number of Klp9 binding sites to microtubules increases overproportionally to Klp9 molecules, suggesting that molecular crowding inversely correlates to cell size and might have an impact on spindle elongation velocity control.

The expected population size in a cell-size-dependent branching process

1981 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aidan Sudbury
Keyword(s):  
Cell Size ◽  
Exponential Growth ◽  
Branching Process ◽  
Expected Number ◽  
Size Dependent ◽  
Daughter Cells ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Dependent Growth ◽  
Number Of Cells

In cell-size-dependent growth the probabilistic rate of division of a cell into daughter-cells and the rate of increase of its size depend on its size. In this paper the expected number of cells in the population at time t is calculated for a variety of models, and it is shown that population growths slower and faster than exponential are both possible. When the cell sizes are bounded conditions are given for exponential growth.

scholarly journals Phosphorylation of the Chromosomal Passenger Protein Bir1 Is Required for Localization of Ndc10 to the Spindle during Anaphase and Full Spindle Elongation

2006 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 1065-1074 ◽  
Author(s):  
Per O. Widlund ◽  
John S. Lyssand ◽  
Scott Anderson ◽  
Sherry Niessen ◽  
John R. Yates ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Middle Region ◽  
Cell Cycle Delay ◽  
Chromosomal Passenger ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Spindle Elongation ◽  
Cycle Dependent ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient ◽  
Passenger Protein

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) repeat protein Bir1 localizes as a chromosomal passenger. A deletion analysis of Bir1 identified two regions important for function. The C-terminal region is essential for growth, binds Sli15, and is necessary and sufficient for the localization of Bir1 as a chromosomal passenger. The middle region is not essential but is required to localize the inner kinetochore protein Ndc10 to the spindle during anaphase and to the midzone at telophase. In contrast, precise deletion of the highly conserved IAP repeats conferred no phenotype and did not alter the cell cycle delay caused by loss of cohesin. Bir1 is phosphorylated in a cell cycle-dependent manner. Mutation of all nine CDK consensus sites in the middle region of Bir1 significantly decreased the level of phosphorylation and blocked localization of Ndc10 to the spindle at anaphase. Moreover, immunoprecipitation of Ndc10 with Bir1 was dependent on phosphorylation. The loss of Ndc10 from the anaphase spindle prevented elongation of the spindle beyond 7 μm. We conclude that phosphorylation of the middle region of Bir1 is required to bring Ndc10 to the spindle at anaphase, which is required for full spindle elongation.

scholarly journals S-Nitrosylation in Tumor Microenvironment

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 4600
Author(s):  
Vandana Sharma ◽  
Veani Fernando ◽  
Joshua Letson ◽  
Yashna Walia ◽  
Xunzhen Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Protein Interactions ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Protein Protein Interactions ◽  
Post Translational Modification ◽  
Tissue Microenvironment ◽  
Cell Tissue ◽  
Protein Thiols ◽  
A Cell

S-nitrosylation is a selective and reversible post-translational modification of protein thiols by nitric oxide (NO), which is a bioactive signaling molecule, to exert a variety of effects. These effects include the modulation of protein conformation, activity, stability, and protein-protein interactions. S-nitrosylation plays a central role in propagating NO signals within a cell, tissue, and tissue microenvironment, as the nitrosyl moiety can rapidly be transferred from one protein to another upon contact. This modification has also been reported to confer either tumor-suppressing or tumor-promoting effects and is portrayed as a process involved in every stage of cancer progression. In particular, S-nitrosylation has recently been found as an essential regulator of the tumor microenvironment (TME), the environment around a tumor governing the disease pathogenesis. This review aims to outline the effects of S-nitrosylation on different resident cells in the TME and the diverse outcomes in a context-dependent manner. Furthermore, we will discuss the therapeutic potentials of modulating S-nitrosylation levels in tumors.

scholarly journals Cholesterol, a Cell Size-dependent Signal That Regulates Glucose Metabolism and Gene Expression in Adipocytes

2001 ◽  
Vol 276 (20) ◽  
pp. 16904-16910 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soazig Le Lay ◽  
Stéphane Krief ◽  
Céline Farnier ◽  
Isabelle Lefrère ◽  
Xavier Le Liepvre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Size Dependent ◽  
Dependent Signal ◽  
A Cell
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