Behavioural responses of different blackfly species to short-term oxygen depletion

1997 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Kiel ◽  
A. Frutiger
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Depletion ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Behavioural Responses

scholarly journals Short-Term Behavioural Responses of Impalas in Simulated Antipredator and Social Contexts

PLoS ONE ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. e84970 ◽  
Author(s):  
François-René Favreau ◽  
Olivier Pays ◽  
Anne W. Goldizen ◽  
Hervé Fritz
Keyword(s):  
Social Contexts ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Behavioural Responses

Behavioural responses of voles to simulated risk of predation by a native and an alien mustelid: an odour manipulation experiment

2010 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Fey ◽  
Peter B. Banks ◽  
Hannu Ylönen ◽  
Erkki Korpimäki
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Predation Risk ◽  
Myodes Glareolus ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Behavioural Responses ◽  
Alien Predator ◽  
Risk Of Predation ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
The Impact

Context. Potential mammalian prey commonly use the odours of their co-evolved predators to manage their risks of predation. But when the risk comes from an unknown source of predation, odours might not be perceived as dangerous, and anti-predator responses may fail, except possibly if the alien predator is of the same archetype as a native predator. Aims. In the present study we examined anti-predator behavioural responses of voles from the outer archipelagos of the Baltic Sea, south-western Finland, where they have had no resident mammalian predators in recent history. Methods. We investigated responses of field voles (Microtus agrestis) to odours of native least weasels (Mustela nivalis) and a recently invading alien predator, the American mink (Mustela vison), in laboratory. We also studied the short-term responses of free-ranging field voles and bank voles (Myodes glareolus) to simulated predation risk by alien mink on small islands in the outer archipelago of the Baltic Sea. Key results. In the laboratory, voles avoided odour cues of native weasel but not of alien mink. It is possible that the response to mink is a context dependent learned response which could not be induced in the laboratory, whereas the response to weasel is innate. In the field, however, voles reduced activity during their normal peak-activity times at night as a response to simulated alien-mink predation risk. No other shifts in space use or activity in safer microhabitats or denser vegetation were apparent. Conclusions. Voles appeared to recognise alien minks as predators from their odours in the wild. However, reduction in activity is likely to be only a short-term immediate response to mink presence, which is augmented by longer-term strategies of habitat shift. Because alien mink still strongly suppresses vole dynamics despite these anti-predator responses, we suggest that behavioural naiveté may be the primary factor in the impact of an alien predator on native prey. Implications. Prey naiveté has long been considered as the root cause of the devastating impacts of alien predators, whereby native prey simply fail to recognise and respond to the novel predation risk. Our results reveal a more complex form of naiveté whereby native prey appeared to recognise alien predators as a threat but their response is ultimately inadequate. Thus, recognition alone is unlikely to afford protection for native prey from alien-predator impacts. Thus, management strategies that, for example, train prey in recognition of novel threats must induce effective responses if they are expected to succeed.

scholarly journals Single-Cell Tests to Explore the Reliability of Sofc Installations Operating Offshore

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1624
Author(s):  
Nelson Thambiraj ◽  
Ivar Waernhus ◽  
Crina Suciu ◽  
Arild Vik ◽  
Alex C. Hoffmann
Keyword(s):  
Cell Structure ◽  
Oxygen Depletion ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Cathode Degradation ◽  
Air Supply ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Effect Of Oxygen

This paper studies the robustness of off-shore solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) installations and the nature and causes of possible cell degradation in marine environments. Two important, cathode-related, impediments to ensuring SOFC reliability in off-shore installations are: cathode degradation due to salt contamination and oxygen depletion in the air supply. Short-term and long-term tests show the effect of salt contamination in the cathode feed on cell performance, and reveal the underlying cause of the degradation seen. SEM/X-ray Diffraction/(XRD) analyses made it possible to identify salt taken up in the cathode microstructure after the short-term testing while the macroscopic cell structure remained intact after the short-term tests. The long-term degradation was found to be more severe, and SEM images showed delamination at the cathode/electrolyte interface with salt present, something that was not seen after long-term testing without salt. The effect of oxygen depletion on the performance was also determined at three different temperatures using I-V curves.

scholarly journals Short-term ecological and behavioural responses of Mediterranean ant speciesAphaenogaster gibbosa(Latr. 1798) to wildfire

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 627-638 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alba Lázaro-González ◽  
Xavier Arnan ◽  
Raphael Boulay ◽  
Xim Cerdá ◽  
Anselm Rodrigo
Keyword(s):  
Short Term ◽  
Behavioural Responses

scholarly journals Hypoxia and anoxia effects on alcohol dehydrogenase activity and hemoglobin content in Chironomus riparius Meigen, 1804

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Grazioli ◽  
Bruno Rossaro ◽  
Paolo Parenti ◽  
Roberto Giacchini ◽  
Valeria Lencioni
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Dehydrogenase ◽  
Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Oxygen Depletion ◽  
Chironomus Riparius ◽  
Oxygen Storage ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Running Waters ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Adh Activity

<p>The metabolic effects of low oxygen content on alcohol-dehydrogenase (ADH) activity and hemoglobin (Hb) concentration were investigated in IV-instar larvae of <em>Chironomus riparius </em>(Diptera: Chironomidae) from an Italian stream. Two series of short-term (48 h) experiments were carried out: exposure to (1) progressive hypoxia (95 to 5% of oxygen saturation) and (2) anoxia (at &lt;5% of oxygen saturation). In (1), Hb amount increased with increasing oxygen depletion up to a critical value of oxygenation (about 70% of oxygen saturation). Below this percentage, the Hb amount declined to values comparable with those present in the control. The respiration rate (R) remained almost constant at oxygen saturation &gt;50% and decreased significantly only after 48 h of treatment (= &lt;5% of oxygen saturation) reaching values &lt;100 mmolO<sub>2</sub> gAFDW<sup>-1</sup> h<sup>-1</sup>. ADH activity showed two phases of growth, within the first 14 h and over 18 h of exposure. Overall, we inferred that i) Hb might function as short-term oxygen storage, enabling animals to delay the on-set of anaerobiosis; and ii) alcoholic fermentation co-occurs for a short time with aerobic respiration, becoming the prevalent metabolic pathway below 5% of oxygen saturation (&lt;1 mg L<sup>-1</sup>). These considerations were supported also by results from anoxia exposure (2). In such condition, larvae were visibly stressed, becoming immobile after few minutes of incubation, and ADH reached higher values than in the hypoxia treatment (2.03±0.15 UADH mg prot<sup>-1</sup>). Overall, this study showed a shift from aerobic to anaerobic activity in <em>C. riparius</em> larvae exposed to poorly oxygenated water with an associated alteration of ADH activity and the Hb amount. Such metabolites might be valid candidate biomarkers for the environmental monitoring of running waters.</p>

Events around weaning in semi-feral and stable-reared Konik polski foals: Evaluation of short-term physiological and behavioural responses

2015 ◽  
Vol 163 ◽  
pp. 122-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Górecka-Bruzda ◽  
Mira Suwała ◽  
Rupert Palme ◽  
Zbigniew Jaworski ◽  
Ewa Jastrzębska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Short Term ◽  
Behavioural Responses

scholarly journals Suitability of acoustics as non-lethal deterrents for macropodids: the influence of origin, delivery and anti-predator behaviour

2011 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Ramp ◽  
Clio Gates Foale ◽  
Erin Roger ◽  
David B. Croft
Keyword(s):  
Species Traits ◽  
Sympatric Species ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Behavioural Responses ◽  
Acoustic Stimuli ◽  
Management Measures ◽  
The Family ◽  
Distress Calls ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Predator Behaviour

Context Auditory devices used to deter wildlife are a potentially humane and effective way of minimising deleterious interactions with humans and their livelihoods and have been used successfully for many species around the world. Acoustic cues can be used to manipulate anti-predator behaviour, encouraging animals to forage elsewhere. Employing acoustics derived from natural sources to make use of innate behavioural responses has been suggested to outperform novel or artificial sounds; however, anti-predator strategies vary among sympatric species and will influence the utility of acoustic stimuli for deterring wildlife. Aims We aimed to test the interaction between the source of origin (natural or novel) and species traits (anti-predator strategy – grouping behaviour) on the efficacy of using acoustic stimuli to elicit alarm responses for two species in the family Macropodidae commonly associated with browsing on forest plantation seedlings; the red-necked pademelon (Thylogale thetis) and the red-necked wallaby (Macropus rufogriseus banksianus). Methods We tested these factors in captivity using playback experiments of acoustic stimuli and monitored the behavioural responses of subjects. Results Red-necked pademelons exhibited strong responses to bioacoustic and novel stimuli but did not greatly differentiate among them. Short-term habituation to predator calls was detected whereas responsiveness to novel sounds increased. Red-necked wallabies most strongly responded to conspecific distress calls, showing no sign of short-term habituation. Conclusions Results from the present and other studies suggest that bioacoustic deterrents, particularly those utilising natural conspecific sounds, aimed at communicating danger, have the potential to play an important role in non-lethal wildlife management, although that responsiveness varies with the form of anti-predator strategies employed. Implications If alarm responses translate into subjects vacating targeted areas, then there is some potential to implement non-lethal acoustic deterrents for macropodids alongside other management measures aimed at preventing impacts on primary production. Problematically, our experiments showed that without accurate acoustic delivery, particularly of sounds with infrasonic components, the development of effective bioacoustic deterrents may remain stymied.

scholarly journals Interpreting short-term behavioural responses to disturbance within a longitudinal perspective

2006 ◽  
Vol 72 (5) ◽  
pp. 1149-1158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars Bejder ◽  
Amy Samuels ◽  
Hal Whitehead ◽  
Nick Gales
Keyword(s):  
Short Term ◽  
Behavioural Responses

Behavioural responses and biochemical correlates in Solea solea to gradual hypoxic exposure

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (11) ◽  
pp. 2108-2113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josef Dalla Via ◽  
Guido Van den Thillart ◽  
Otello Cattani ◽  
Paolo Cortesi
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Metabolism ◽  
Oxygen Depletion ◽  
Standard Metabolic Rate ◽  
The Body ◽  
Hypoxic Exposure ◽  
Behavioural Responses ◽  
Hypoxic Conditions ◽  
Solea Solea ◽  
Oxygen Conditions ◽  
Metabolic Strategies

The common sole, Solea solea, a benthic flatfish, is frequently exposed to environmental hypoxic conditions. A succession of behavioural responses to oxygen depletion can be observed. Under moderate hypoxia (80-20% air saturation) the fish reduce spontaneous activity and the scope for activity is lowered. At the onset of anaerobic metabolism (at 20% air saturation) the fish lie still on the bottom, but with increasing severity of hypoxia they start bending the body so as to lift the mouth above the bottom and to reach water layers with higher oxygen concentrations. Between 20 and 6% air saturation, the sole applies two different metabolic strategies: (i) it activates anaerobic metabolism and (ii) it depresses its metabolism below standard metabolic rate. At 5% air saturation or lower the fish swim up with burst- and panic-like movements and lose balance and swim in an uncoordinated manner (below 3%), finally remaining paralysed at the bottom. The correlation of behavioural and metabolic responses clearly shows that under unfavourable oxygen conditions, escape behaviour and burst activity are induced as a last response when other energy-saving alternatives (anaerobic metabolism and metabolic depression) seem to become insufficient.

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