scholarly journals Large‐scale topological disruption of chromosome territories 9 and 22 is associated with nonresponse to treatment in CML

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eunice Fabian‐Morales ◽  
David Vallejo‐Escamilla ◽  
Adriana Gudiño ◽  
Alfredo Rodríguez ◽  
Rodrigo González‐Barrios ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Chromosome Territories

scholarly journals Spatial Relationship between Transcription Sites and Chromosome Territories

1999 ◽  
Vol 147 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pernette J. Verschure ◽  
Ineke van der Kraan ◽  
Erik M.M. Manders ◽  
Roel van Driel
Keyword(s):  
X Chromosome ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Spatial Relationship ◽  
Chromosome Territory ◽  
Chromosome Territories ◽  
Interphase Chromosome ◽  
Chromatin Domains ◽  
Transcription Sites ◽  
Nascent Rna

We have investigated the spatial relationship between transcription sites and chromosome territories in the interphase nucleus of human female fibroblasts. Immunolabeling of nascent RNA was combined with visualization of chromosome territories by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). Transcription sites were found scattered throughout the territory of one of the two X chromosomes, most likely the active X chromosome, and that of both territories of chromosome 19. The other X chromosome territory, probably the inactive X chromosome, was devoid of transcription sites. A distinct substructure was observed in interphase chromosome territories. Intensely labeled subchromosomal domains are surrounded by less strongly labeled areas. The intensely labeled domains had a diameter in the range of 300–450 nm and were sometimes interconnected, forming thread-like structures. Similar large scale chromatin structures were observed in HeLa cells expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged histone H2B. Strikingly, nascent RNA was almost exclusively found in the interchromatin areas in chromosome territories and in between strongly GFP-labeled chromatin domains. These observations support a model in which transcriptionally active chromatin in chromosome territories is markedly compartmentalized. Active loci are located predominantly at or near the surface of compact chromatin domains, depositing newly synthesized RNA directly into the interchromatin space.

scholarly journals Large-scale probabilistic 3D organization of human chromosome territories

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 419-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nitasha Sehgal ◽  
Andrew J. Fritz ◽  
Jaromira Vecerova ◽  
Hu Ding ◽  
Zihe Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Chromosome ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Chromosome Territories

scholarly journals Large-scale Chromatin Organization and the Localization of Proteins Involved in Gene Expression in Human Cells

2002 ◽  
Vol 50 (10) ◽  
pp. 1303-1312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pernette J. Verschure ◽  
Ineke van der Kraan ◽  
Jorrit M. Enserink ◽  
Martijn J. Moné ◽  
Erik M.M. Manders ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Interphase Nucleus ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Human Fibroblasts ◽  
Chromatin Organization ◽  
Condensed Chromatin ◽  
Chromosome Territories ◽  
Interchromatin Compartment

Compartmentalization of the interphase nucleus is an important element in the regulation of gene expression. Here we investigated the functional organization of the interphase nucleus of HeLa cells and primary human fibroblasts. The spatial distribution of proteins involved in transcription (TFIIH and RNA polymerase II) and RNA processing and packaging (hnRNP-U) were analyzed in relation to chromosome territories and large-scale chromatin organization. We present evidence that these proteins are present predominantly in the interchromatin space, inside and between chromosome territories, and are largely excluded by domains of condensed chromatin. We show that they are present throughout the active and inactive X-chromosome territories in primary female fibroblasts, indicating that these proteins can freely diffuse throughout the interchromatin compartment in the interphase nucleus. Furthermore, we established that the in vivo spatial distribution of condensed chromatin in the interphase nucleus does not depend on ongoing transcription. Our data support a conceptually simple model for the functional organization of interphase nuclei.

Chromatin as an active polymeric material

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-118
Author(s):  
Gautam I. Menon
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Transcriptional Activity ◽  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Nuclear Architecture ◽  
Chromosome Territories ◽  
X Chromosomes ◽  
Equilibrium Processes ◽  
Territorial Organization ◽  
Differential Positioning ◽  
Radial Separation

The patterns of the large-scale spatial organization of chromatin in interphase human somatic cells are not random. Such patterns include the radial separation of euchromatin and heterochromatin, the territorial organization of individual chromosomes, the non-random locations of chromosome territories and the differential positioning of the two X chromosomes in female cells. These features of large-scale nuclear architecture follow naturally from the hypothesis that ATP-consuming non-equilibrium processes associated with highly transcribed regions of chromosomes are a source of ‘active’ forces. These forces are in excess of those that arise from Brownian motion. Simulations of model chromosomes that incorporate such activity recapitulate these features. In addition, they reproduce many other aspects of the spatial organization of chromatin at large scales that are known from experiments. Our results, reviewed here, suggest that the distribution of transcriptional activity across chromosomes underlies many aspects of large-scale nuclear architecture that were hitherto believed to be unrelated.

scholarly journals Spatial Organization of Large-Scale Chromatin Domains in the Nucleus: A Magnified View of Single Chromosome Territories

1997 ◽  
Vol 139 (7) ◽  
pp. 1597-1610 ◽  
Author(s):  
João Ferreira ◽  
Giovanni Paolella ◽  
Carlos Ramos ◽  
Angus I. Lamond
Keyword(s):  
Transcriptional Activation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Chinese Hamster ◽  
Spatial Separation ◽  
Peripheral Compartment ◽  
Chromosome Territories ◽  
Chromatin Domains ◽  
Single Chromosome ◽  
Band Size

We have analyzed the spatial organization of large scale chromatin domains in chinese hamster fibroblast, human lymphoid (IM-9), and marsupial kidney epithelial (PtK) cells by labeling DNA at defined stages of S phase via pulsed incorporation of halogenated deoxynucleosides. Most, if not all, chromosomes contribute multiple chromatin domains to both peripheral and internal nucleoplasmic compartments. The peripheral compartment contains predominantly late replicating G/Q bands, whereas early replicating R bands preferentially localize to the internal nucleoplasmic compartment. During mitosis, the labeled chromatin domains that were separated in interphase form a pattern of intercalated bands along the length of each metaphase chromosome. The transition from a banded (mitotic) to a compartmentalized (interphasic) organization of chromatin domains occurs during the late telophase/early G1 stage and is independent of transcriptional activation of the genome. Interestingly, generation of micronuclei with a few chromosomes showed that the spatial separation of early and late replicating chromatin compartments is recapitulated independently of chromosome number, even in micronuclei containing only a single chromosome. Our data strongly support the notion that the compartmentalization of large-scale (band size) chromatin domains seen in the intact nucleus is a magnified image of a similar compartmentalization occurring in individual chromosome territories.

Some comments about observations and image processing of comet 29P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 1

1999 ◽  
Vol 173 ◽  
pp. 243-248
Author(s):  
D. Kubáček ◽  
A. Galád ◽  
A. Pravda
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Harvard College ◽  
Oak Ridge ◽  
Large Scale Structures ◽  
Short Period Comet ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Scale Structures ◽  
Harvard College Observatory ◽  
Period Comet

AbstractUnusual short-period comet 29P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 1 inspired many observers to explain its unpredictable outbursts. In this paper large scale structures and features from the inner part of the coma in time periods around outbursts are studied. CCD images were taken at Whipple Observatory, Mt. Hopkins, in 1989 and at Astronomical Observatory, Modra, from 1995 to 1998. Photographic plates of the comet were taken at Harvard College Observatory, Oak Ridge, from 1974 to 1982. The latter were digitized at first to apply the same techniques of image processing for optimizing the visibility of features in the coma during outbursts. Outbursts and coma structures show various shapes.

Evolution of Large-Scale Coronal Structures

1994 ◽  
Vol 144 ◽  
pp. 29-33
Author(s):  
P. Ambrož
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Field Line ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Coronal Magnetic Field ◽  
Source Surface ◽  
Solar Cycles ◽  
Characteristic Relationship ◽  
The Magnetic Field ◽  
Coronal Structures

AbstractThe large-scale coronal structures observed during the sporadically visible solar eclipses were compared with the numerically extrapolated field-line structures of coronal magnetic field. A characteristic relationship between the observed structures of coronal plasma and the magnetic field line configurations was determined. The long-term evolution of large scale coronal structures inferred from photospheric magnetic observations in the course of 11- and 22-year solar cycles is described.Some known parameters, such as the source surface radius, or coronal rotation rate are discussed and actually interpreted. A relation between the large-scale photospheric magnetic field evolution and the coronal structure rearrangement is demonstrated.

Large-scale Motion of Solar Filaments

2000 ◽  
Vol 179 ◽  
pp. 205-208
Author(s):  
Pavel Ambrož ◽  
Alfred Schroll
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Flux ◽  
Proper Motion ◽  
Time Scale ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Accuracy Of Measurements ◽  
Solar Filaments ◽  
General Movement ◽  
Scale Motion ◽  
Velocity Scatter

AbstractPrecise measurements of heliographic position of solar filaments were used for determination of the proper motion of solar filaments on the time-scale of days. The filaments have a tendency to make a shaking or waving of the external structure and to make a general movement of whole filament body, coinciding with the transport of the magnetic flux in the photosphere. The velocity scatter of individual measured points is about one order higher than the accuracy of measurements.

Some applications of electron beam microanalysis techniques in VLSI process evaluation

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 160-161
Author(s):  
Simon Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Process Evaluation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Technology Development ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Analysis Of Failures ◽  
Characterization Of Materials ◽  
Circuits Vlsi

Trends in the technology development of very large scale integrated circuits (VLSI) have been in the direction of higher density of components with smaller dimensions. The scaling down of device dimensions has been not only laterally but also in depth. Such efforts in miniaturization bring with them new developments in materials and processing. Successful implementation of these efforts is, to a large extent, dependent on the proper understanding of the material properties, process technologies and reliability issues, through adequate analytical studies. The analytical instrumentation technology has, fortunately, kept pace with the basic requirements of devices with lateral dimensions in the micron/ submicron range and depths of the order of nonometers. Often, newer analytical techniques have emerged or the more conventional techniques have been adapted to meet the more stringent requirements. As such, a variety of analytical techniques are available today to aid an analyst in the efforts of VLSI process evaluation. Generally such analytical efforts are divided into the characterization of materials, evaluation of processing steps and the analysis of failures.

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