A statistically based runoff-yield model coupling infiltration excess and saturation excess mechanisms

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (19) ◽  
pp. 2856-2865 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhongmin Liang ◽  
Jun Wang ◽  
Binquan Li ◽  
Zhongbo Yu
Keyword(s):  
Model Coupling ◽  
Yield Model ◽  
Infiltration Excess ◽  
Saturation Excess

scholarly journals Sensitivity of point scale surface runoff predictions to rainfall resolution

2007 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 965-982 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Hearman ◽  
C. Hinz
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Rainfall Data ◽  
Soil Water Storage ◽  
Point Scale ◽  
Deep Drainage ◽  
Model Predictions ◽  
Infiltration Excess ◽  
Saturation Excess

Abstract. This paper investigates the effects of using non-linear, high resolution rainfall, compared to time averaged rainfall on the triggering of hydrologic thresholds and therefore model predictions of infiltration excess and saturation excess runoff at the point scale. The bounded random cascade model, parameterized to three locations in Western Australia, was used to scale rainfall intensities at various time resolutions ranging from 1.875 min to 2 h. A one dimensional, conceptual rainfall partitioning model was used that instantaneously partitioned water into infiltration excess, infiltration, storage, deep drainage, saturation excess and surface runoff, where the fluxes into and out of the soil store were controlled by thresholds. The results of the numerical modelling were scaled by relating soil infiltration properties to soil draining properties, and in turn, relating these to average storm intensities. For all soil types, we related maximum infiltration capacities to average storm intensities (k*) and were able to show where model predictions of infiltration excess were most sensitive to rainfall resolution (ln k*=0.4) and where using time averaged rainfall data can lead to an under prediction of infiltration excess and an over prediction of the amount of water entering the soil (ln k*>2) for all three rainfall locations tested. For soils susceptible to both infiltration excess and saturation excess, total runoff sensitivity was scaled by relating drainage coefficients to average storm intensities (g*) and parameter ranges where predicted runoff was dominated by infiltration excess or saturation excess depending on the resolution of rainfall data were determined (ln g*<2). Infiltration excess predicted from high resolution rainfall was short and intense, whereas saturation excess produced from low resolution rainfall was more constant and less intense. This has important implications for the accuracy of current hydrological models that use time averaged rainfall under these soil and rainfall conditions and predictions of larger scale phenomena such as hillslope runoff and runon. It offers insight into how rainfall resolution can affect predicted amounts of water entering the soil and thus soil water storage and drainage, possibly changing our understanding of the ecological functioning of the system or predictions of agri-chemical leaching. The application of this sensitivity analysis to different rainfall regions in Western Australia showed that locations in the tropics with higher intensity rainfalls are more likely to have differences in infiltration excess predictions with different rainfall resolutions and that a general understanding of the prevailing rainfall conditions and the soil's infiltration capacity can help in deciding whether high rainfall resolutions (below 1 h) are required for accurate surface runoff predictions.

scholarly journals Spatial Combination Modeling Framework of Saturation-Excess and Infiltration-Excess Runoff for Semihumid Watersheds

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pengnian Huang ◽  
Zhijia Li ◽  
Cheng Yao ◽  
Qiaoling Li ◽  
Meichun Yan
Keyword(s):  
Difficult Problem ◽  
State Variables ◽  
Runoff Generation ◽  
Modeling Framework ◽  
Hydrological Simulation ◽  
Infiltration Excess ◽  
Generation Mechanisms ◽  
Event Based ◽  
Parameter Values ◽  
Saturation Excess

There exist two types of direct runoff generation mechanisms in semihumid watersheds: saturation-excess mechanism and infiltration-excess mechanism. It has always been a difficult problem for event hydrological simulation to distinguish the two types of runoff processes. Based on the concept of dominant runoff processes, combined with GIS and RS techniques, this paper proposed an event-based spatial combination modeling framework and built two spatial combination models (SCMs) accordingly. The CN parameter and topographic index, both of which are widely used in hydrological researches, are adopted by the SCM to divide the entire watershed into infiltration-excess dominated (IED) areas and saturation-excess dominated (SED) areas. Dongwan watershed was taken as an example to test the performances of infiltration-excess model, saturation-excess model, and SCM, respectively. The results of parameter optimization showed that the parameter values and state variables of SCM are much more realistic than those of infiltration-excess model and saturation-excess model. The more accurate the divisions of infiltration-excess and saturation-excess dominated areas, the more realistic the SCM parameter values. The simulation results showed that the performance of SCM was improved in both calibration and validation periods. The framework is useful for flood forecasting in semihumid watersheds.

scholarly journals Seasonal variation of 24D export through surface runoff from pasture

2006 ◽  
Vol 59 ◽  
pp. 255-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. M?ller ◽  
R. Stenger ◽  
A. Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Rainfall Simulator ◽  
Water Conditions ◽  
Infiltration Excess ◽  
Soil Water Conditions ◽  
Saturation Excess

One day after the herbicide 24D was applied to 1050 m2 of a pastoral hillslope in Waikato runoff was generated with a sprinklertype rainfall simulator and 24D transport in surface runoff was measured The runoff coefficients differed significantly between an autumn (47) and a spring (19) event in spite of similar preevent soil water conditions Saturation excess with a variable contributing area had earlier been identified as the main runoff generating process for the autumn event In contrast infiltration excess possibly induced by treading effects and hydrophobicity are proposed as runoff causing processes for the spring event The eventaveraged 24D concentration in runoff was higher in autumn (049 mg/litre) than in spring (024 mg/litre) Correspondingly the exported 24D loss in autumn totalled 75 g/ha which equals 7 of the applied mass compared to only 14 g/ha (or 1) during the spring event

scholarly journals Sensitivity of point scale runoff predictions to rainfall resolution

2006 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 3517-3556
Author(s):  
A. J. Hearman ◽  
C. Hinz
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Rainfall Data ◽  
Soil Infiltration ◽  
Deep Drainage ◽  
Total Runoff ◽  
Model Predictions ◽  
Infiltration Excess ◽  
Parameter Ranges ◽  
Western Australian ◽  
Saturation Excess

Abstract. This paper investigates the effects of using non-linear, high resolution rainfall, compared to time averaged rainfall on the triggering of hydrologic thresholds and therefore model predictions of infiltration excess and saturation excess runoff. The bounded random cascade model, parameterized to south western Australian rainfall, was used to scale rainfall intensities at various time resolutions ranging from 1.875 min to 2 h. A one dimensional, conceptual rainfall partitioning model was used that instantaneously partitions water into infiltration excess, infiltration, storage, deep drainage, saturation excess and surface runoff, where the fluxes into and out of the soil store are controlled by thresholds. For example, saturation excess is triggered when the soil water content reaches the storage capacity threshold. The results of the numerical modelling were scaled by relating soil infiltration properties to soil draining properties, and inturn, relating these to average storm intensities. By relating maximum soil infiltration capacities to saturated drainage rates (f*), we were able to split soils into two groups; those where all runoff is a result of infiltration excess alone (f*≤0.2) and those susceptible to both infiltration excess and saturation excess runoff (f*>0.2). For all soil types, we related maximum infiltration capacities to average storm intensities (k*) and were able to show where model predictions of infiltration excess were most sensitive to rainfall resolution (ln k=0.4) and where using time averaged rainfall data can lead to an under prediction of infiltration excess and an over prediction of the amount of water entering the soil (ln k*>2). For soils susceptible to both infiltration excess and saturation excess, total runoff sensitivity was scaled by relating saturated drainage rates to average storm intensities (g*) and parameter ranges where predicted runoff was dominated by infiltration excess or saturation excess depending on the resolution of rainfall data was determined (ln g*<2). Infiltration excess predicted from high resolution rainfall is short and intense, whereas saturation excess produced from low resolution rainfall is more constant and less intense. This has important implications for the accuracy of current hydrological models that use time averaged rainfall under these soil and rainfall conditions and predictions of further thresholds such as erosion. It offers insight into areas where the understanding of the dynamics of high resolution rainfall is required and a means by which we can improve our understanding of the way variations in rainfall intensities within a storm relate to hydrological thresholds and model predictions.

scholarly journals Spatial variability of herbicide mobilisation and transport at catchment scale: insights from a field experiment

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 2357-2407
Author(s):  
T. Doppler ◽  
L. Camenzuli ◽  
G. Hirzel ◽  
M. Krauss ◽  
A. Lück ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Overland Flow ◽  
Transport Processes ◽  
High Temporal Resolution ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
Macropore Flow ◽  
Tile Drains ◽  
Swiss Plateau ◽  
Infiltration Excess ◽  
Rain Events ◽  
Saturation Excess

Abstract. During rain events, herbicides can be transported from their point of application to surface waters where they may harm aquatic organisms. Since the spatial pattern of mobilisation and transport is heterogeneous, the contributions of different fields to the herbicide load in the stream may differ considerably within one catchment. Therefore, the prediction of contributing areas could help to target mitigation measures efficiently to those locations where they reduce herbicide pollution the most. Such spatial predictions require sufficient insight into the underlying transport processes. To improve the understanding of the process chain of herbicide mobilisation on the field and the subsequent transport through the catchment to the stream, we performed a controlled herbicide application on corn fields in a small agricultural catchment (ca. 1 km2) with intensive crop production in the Swiss Plateau. For two months after application in 2009, water samples were taken at different locations in the catchment (overland flow, tile drains and open channel) with a high temporal resolution during rain events. We also analysed soil samples from the experimental fields and measured discharge, groundwater level, soil moisture and the occurrence of overland flow at several locations. Several rain events with varying intensities and magnitudes occurred during the study period. Overland flow and erosion were frequently observed in the entire catchment. Infiltration excess and saturation excess overland flow were both observed. However, the main herbicide loss event was dominated by infiltration excess. This is in contrast to earlier studies in the Swiss Plateau, demonstrating that saturation excess overland flow was the dominant process. Despite the frequent and wide-spread occurrence of overland flow, most of this water did not directly reach the channel. It mostly got retained in small sinks in the catchment. From there, it reached the stream via macropores and tile drains. Manholes of the drainage system and catch basins for road and farmyard runoff acted as additional shortcuts to the stream. Although fast flow processes like overland and macropore flow reduce the influence of herbicide properties due to short travel times, sorption properties influenced the herbicide transfer from ponding overland flow to tile drains (macropore flow). However, no influence of sorption was observed during the mobilisation of the herbicides from soil to overland flow. These two observations on the role of herbicide properties contradict, to some degrees, previous findings. They demonstrate that valuable insight can be gained by spatially detailed observations along the flow paths.

Saturation-excess and infiltration-excess runoff on green roofs

2015 ◽  
Vol 74 ◽  
pp. 327-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen-Yu Yang ◽  
Dan Li ◽  
Ting Sun ◽  
Guang-Heng Ni
Keyword(s):  
Green Roofs ◽  
Infiltration Excess ◽  
Saturation Excess

scholarly journals An analytical approach to ascertain saturation‐excess versus infiltration‐excess overland flow in urban and reference landscapes

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (26) ◽  
pp. 3349-3363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan D. Stewart ◽  
Aditi S. Bhaskar ◽  
Anthony J. Parolari ◽  
Dustin L. Herrmann ◽  
Jinshi Jian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Approach ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Infiltration Excess ◽  
Saturation Excess

scholarly journals Temporal dynamics of hydrological threshold events

2007 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 923-938 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. McGrath ◽  
C. Hinz ◽  
M. Sivapalan
Keyword(s):  
Preferential Flow ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Aridity Index ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Event Time ◽  
Temporal Clustering ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Infiltration Excess ◽  
Initial Storage ◽  
Saturation Excess

Abstract. The episodic nature of hydrological flows such as surface runoff and preferential flow is a result of the nonlinearity of their triggering and the intermittency of rainfall. In this paper we examine the temporal dynamics of threshold processes that are triggered by either an infiltration excess (IE) mechanism when rainfall intensity exceeds a specified threshold value, or a saturation excess (SE) mechanism governed by a storage threshold. We use existing and newly derived analytical results to describe probabilistic measures of the time between successive events in each case, and in the case of the SE triggering, we relate the statistics of the time between events (the inter-event time, denoted IET) to the statistics of storage and the underlying water balance. In the case of the IE mechanism, the temporal dynamics of flow events is found to be simply scaled statistics of rainfall timing. In the case of the SE mechanism the time between events becomes structured. With increasing climate aridity the mean and the variance of the time between SE events increases but temporal clustering, as measured by the coefficient of variation (CV) of the IET, reaches a maximum in deep stores when the climatic aridity index equals 1. In very humid and also very arid climates, the temporal clustering disappears, and the pattern of triggering is similar to that seen for the IE mechanism. In addition we show that the mean and variance of the magnitude of SE events decreases but the CV increases with increasing aridity. The CV of IETs is found to be approximately equal to the CV of the magnitude of SE events per storm only in very humid climates with the CV of event magnitude tending to be much larger than the CV of IETs in arid climates. In comparison to storage the maximum temporal clustering was found to be associated with a maximum in the variance of soil moisture. The CV of the time till the first saturation excess event was found to be greatest when the initial storage was at the threshold.

scholarly journals Temporal dynamics of hydrological threshold events

2006 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 2853-2897 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. McGrath ◽  
C. Hinz ◽  
M. Sivapalan
Keyword(s):  
Preferential Flow ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Aridity Index ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Event Time ◽  
Temporal Clustering ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Infiltration Excess ◽  
Event Times ◽  
Saturation Excess

Abstract. The episodic nature of hydrological flows such as surface runoff and preferential flow is a result of the nonlinearity of their triggering and the intermittency of rainfall. In this paper we examine the temporal dynamics of threshold processes that are triggered by either an infiltration excess (IE) mechanism when rainfall intensity exceeds a specified threshold value, or a saturation excess (SE) mechanism governed by a storage threshold. We analytically derive probabilistic measures of the time between successive events in each case, and in the case of the SE triggering, we relate the statistics of the time between events to the statistics of storage and the underlying water balance. In the case of the IE mechanism, the temporal dynamics of flow events is shown to be simply scaled statistics of rainfall timing. In the case of the SE mechanism the time between events becomes structured. With increasing climate aridity the mean and the variance of the time between SE events increases but temporal clustering, as measured by the coefficient of variation (CV) of the inter-event time, reaches a maximum in deep stores when the climatic aridity index equals 1. In very humid and also very arid climates, the temporal clustering disappears, and the pattern of triggering is similar to that seen for the IE mechanism. In addition we show that the mean and variance of the magnitude of SE events decreases but the CV increases with increasing aridity. The CV of inter-event times is found to be approximately equal to the CV of the magnitude of SE events per storm only in very humid climates with the CV of event magnitude tending to be much larger than the CV of inter-event times in arid climates. In comparison to storage the maximum temporal clustering was found to be associated with a maximum in the variance of soil moisture. The CV of the time till the first saturation excess event was found to be greatest when the initial storage was at the threshold.

Application of the Strip Yield Model to Crack Growth Predictions for Structural Steel

2010 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Skorupa ◽  
Tomasz Machniewicz
Keyword(s):  
Structural Steel ◽  
Crack Growth ◽  
Model Calibration ◽  
Load History ◽  
Yield Model ◽  
Variable Amplitude Loading ◽  
Variable Amplitude ◽  
Constraint Factors ◽  
Strip Yield Model ◽  
Closure Mechanism

Application of the Strip Yield Model to Crack Growth Predictions for Structural SteelA strip yield model implementation by the present authors is applied to predict fatigue crack growth observed in structural steel specimens under various constant and variable amplitude loading conditions. Attention is paid to the model calibration using the constraint factors in view of the dependence of both the crack closure mechanism and the material stress-strain response on the load history. Prediction capabilities of the model are considered in the context of the incompatibility between the crack growth resistance for constant and variable amplitude loading.

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