scholarly journals An analytical approach to ascertain saturation‐excess versus infiltration‐excess overland flow in urban and reference landscapes

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (26) ◽  
pp. 3349-3363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan D. Stewart ◽  
Aditi S. Bhaskar ◽  
Anthony J. Parolari ◽  
Dustin L. Herrmann ◽  
Jinshi Jian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Approach ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Infiltration Excess ◽  
Saturation Excess

scholarly journals Spatial variability of herbicide mobilisation and transport at catchment scale: insights from a field experiment

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 2357-2407
Author(s):  
T. Doppler ◽  
L. Camenzuli ◽  
G. Hirzel ◽  
M. Krauss ◽  
A. Lück ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Overland Flow ◽  
Transport Processes ◽  
High Temporal Resolution ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
Macropore Flow ◽  
Tile Drains ◽  
Swiss Plateau ◽  
Infiltration Excess ◽  
Rain Events ◽  
Saturation Excess

Abstract. During rain events, herbicides can be transported from their point of application to surface waters where they may harm aquatic organisms. Since the spatial pattern of mobilisation and transport is heterogeneous, the contributions of different fields to the herbicide load in the stream may differ considerably within one catchment. Therefore, the prediction of contributing areas could help to target mitigation measures efficiently to those locations where they reduce herbicide pollution the most. Such spatial predictions require sufficient insight into the underlying transport processes. To improve the understanding of the process chain of herbicide mobilisation on the field and the subsequent transport through the catchment to the stream, we performed a controlled herbicide application on corn fields in a small agricultural catchment (ca. 1 km2) with intensive crop production in the Swiss Plateau. For two months after application in 2009, water samples were taken at different locations in the catchment (overland flow, tile drains and open channel) with a high temporal resolution during rain events. We also analysed soil samples from the experimental fields and measured discharge, groundwater level, soil moisture and the occurrence of overland flow at several locations. Several rain events with varying intensities and magnitudes occurred during the study period. Overland flow and erosion were frequently observed in the entire catchment. Infiltration excess and saturation excess overland flow were both observed. However, the main herbicide loss event was dominated by infiltration excess. This is in contrast to earlier studies in the Swiss Plateau, demonstrating that saturation excess overland flow was the dominant process. Despite the frequent and wide-spread occurrence of overland flow, most of this water did not directly reach the channel. It mostly got retained in small sinks in the catchment. From there, it reached the stream via macropores and tile drains. Manholes of the drainage system and catch basins for road and farmyard runoff acted as additional shortcuts to the stream. Although fast flow processes like overland and macropore flow reduce the influence of herbicide properties due to short travel times, sorption properties influenced the herbicide transfer from ponding overland flow to tile drains (macropore flow). However, no influence of sorption was observed during the mobilisation of the herbicides from soil to overland flow. These two observations on the role of herbicide properties contradict, to some degrees, previous findings. They demonstrate that valuable insight can be gained by spatially detailed observations along the flow paths.

scholarly journals Rainfall-runoff modelling in a catchment with a complex groundwater flow system: application of the Representative Elementary Watershed (REW) approach

2005 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 639-690 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. P. Zhang ◽  
H. H. G. Savenije
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Model Performance ◽  
Source Area ◽  
Subsurface Water ◽  
Watershed Hydrology ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Physically Based ◽  
Infiltration Excess

Abstract. Based on the Representative Elementary Watershed (REW) approach, the modelling tool REWASH (Representative Elementary WAterShed Hydrology) has been developed and applied to the Geer river basin. REWASH is deterministic, semi-distributed, physically based and can be directly applied to the watershed scale. In applying REWASH, the river basin is divided into a number of sub-watersheds, so called REWs, according to the Strahler order of the river network. REWASH describes the dominant hydrological processes, i.e. subsurface flow in the unsaturated and saturated domains, and overland flow by the saturation-excess and infiltration-excess mechanisms. Through flux exchanges among the different spatial domains of the REW, surface and subsurface water interactions are fully coupled. REWASH is a parsimonious tool for modelling watershed hydrological response. However, it can be modified to include more components to simulate specific processes when applied to a specific river basin where such processes are observed or considered to be dominant. In this study, we have added a new component to simulate interception using a simple parametric approach. Interception plays an important role in the water balance of a watershed although it is often disregarded. In addition, a refinement for the transpiration in the unsaturated zone has been made. Finally, an improved approach for simulating saturation overland flow by relating the variable source area to both the topography and the groundwater level is presented. The model has been calibrated and verified using a 4-year data set, which has been split into two for calibration and validation. The model performance has been assessed by multi-criteria evaluation. This work is the first full application of the REW approach to watershed rainfall-runoff modelling in a real watershed. The results demonstrate that the REW approach provides an alternative blueprint for physically based hydrological modelling.

scholarly journals Sensitivity of point scale surface runoff predictions to rainfall resolution

2007 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 965-982 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Hearman ◽  
C. Hinz
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Rainfall Data ◽  
Soil Water Storage ◽  
Point Scale ◽  
Deep Drainage ◽  
Model Predictions ◽  
Infiltration Excess ◽  
Saturation Excess

Abstract. This paper investigates the effects of using non-linear, high resolution rainfall, compared to time averaged rainfall on the triggering of hydrologic thresholds and therefore model predictions of infiltration excess and saturation excess runoff at the point scale. The bounded random cascade model, parameterized to three locations in Western Australia, was used to scale rainfall intensities at various time resolutions ranging from 1.875 min to 2 h. A one dimensional, conceptual rainfall partitioning model was used that instantaneously partitioned water into infiltration excess, infiltration, storage, deep drainage, saturation excess and surface runoff, where the fluxes into and out of the soil store were controlled by thresholds. The results of the numerical modelling were scaled by relating soil infiltration properties to soil draining properties, and in turn, relating these to average storm intensities. For all soil types, we related maximum infiltration capacities to average storm intensities (k*) and were able to show where model predictions of infiltration excess were most sensitive to rainfall resolution (ln k*=0.4) and where using time averaged rainfall data can lead to an under prediction of infiltration excess and an over prediction of the amount of water entering the soil (ln k*>2) for all three rainfall locations tested. For soils susceptible to both infiltration excess and saturation excess, total runoff sensitivity was scaled by relating drainage coefficients to average storm intensities (g*) and parameter ranges where predicted runoff was dominated by infiltration excess or saturation excess depending on the resolution of rainfall data were determined (ln g*<2). Infiltration excess predicted from high resolution rainfall was short and intense, whereas saturation excess produced from low resolution rainfall was more constant and less intense. This has important implications for the accuracy of current hydrological models that use time averaged rainfall under these soil and rainfall conditions and predictions of larger scale phenomena such as hillslope runoff and runon. It offers insight into how rainfall resolution can affect predicted amounts of water entering the soil and thus soil water storage and drainage, possibly changing our understanding of the ecological functioning of the system or predictions of agri-chemical leaching. The application of this sensitivity analysis to different rainfall regions in Western Australia showed that locations in the tropics with higher intensity rainfalls are more likely to have differences in infiltration excess predictions with different rainfall resolutions and that a general understanding of the prevailing rainfall conditions and the soil's infiltration capacity can help in deciding whether high rainfall resolutions (below 1 h) are required for accurate surface runoff predictions.

scholarly journals Hydrological functioning of cattle ranching impoundments in the Dry Chaco rangelands of Argentina

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 1596-1608 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricio N. Magliano ◽  
David Mindham ◽  
Wlodek Tych ◽  
Francisco Murray ◽  
Marcelo D. Nosetto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Overland Flow ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Water Evaporation ◽  
Cattle Ranching ◽  
Systems Modelling ◽  
Controlling Variables ◽  
Infiltration Excess ◽  
And Control ◽  
Hydrological Functioning

Abstract Rainwater harvesting and associated storage is essential for cattle ranching in the drylands of Argentina and elsewhere. This is the first study to attempt to quantify the hydrological inflows and losses from rainwater harvesting impoundments. To address the direct effect of cattle within impoundments, a typical cattle-affected impoundment was instrumented and compared with that of a similar impoundment but without cattle access. Analysis of the storage dynamics with reference to the controlling variables demonstrated the highly episodic nature of the generation of infiltration-excess overland flow that recharged the impoundments. The impoundments experienced 43 and 35% of storage loss to open-water-evaporation for the cattle-affected and control impoundments, respectively. Critically, the cattle-effected impoundment lost only 15% of storage to leakage (after cattle consumption was taken into account), while the control lost 65% of its water to basal leakage. Indeed systems modelling of the rainfall-storage dynamics showed that the cattle-affected impoundment, despite consumption by 300 cows, maintained water in the impoundment (per a unit input of rainfall) for longer than the control (a 65- versus 25-day residence time). These results highlight the unintended beneficial effect of cattle trampling on the floor of the impoundment reducing leakage losses.

scholarly journals Spatial Combination Modeling Framework of Saturation-Excess and Infiltration-Excess Runoff for Semihumid Watersheds

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pengnian Huang ◽  
Zhijia Li ◽  
Cheng Yao ◽  
Qiaoling Li ◽  
Meichun Yan
Keyword(s):  
Difficult Problem ◽  
State Variables ◽  
Runoff Generation ◽  
Modeling Framework ◽  
Hydrological Simulation ◽  
Infiltration Excess ◽  
Generation Mechanisms ◽  
Event Based ◽  
Parameter Values ◽  
Saturation Excess

There exist two types of direct runoff generation mechanisms in semihumid watersheds: saturation-excess mechanism and infiltration-excess mechanism. It has always been a difficult problem for event hydrological simulation to distinguish the two types of runoff processes. Based on the concept of dominant runoff processes, combined with GIS and RS techniques, this paper proposed an event-based spatial combination modeling framework and built two spatial combination models (SCMs) accordingly. The CN parameter and topographic index, both of which are widely used in hydrological researches, are adopted by the SCM to divide the entire watershed into infiltration-excess dominated (IED) areas and saturation-excess dominated (SED) areas. Dongwan watershed was taken as an example to test the performances of infiltration-excess model, saturation-excess model, and SCM, respectively. The results of parameter optimization showed that the parameter values and state variables of SCM are much more realistic than those of infiltration-excess model and saturation-excess model. The more accurate the divisions of infiltration-excess and saturation-excess dominated areas, the more realistic the SCM parameter values. The simulation results showed that the performance of SCM was improved in both calibration and validation periods. The framework is useful for flood forecasting in semihumid watersheds.

scholarly journals Saturation excess overland flow accelerates the spread of a generalist soil-borne pathogen

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Wilkening ◽  
Enrique Cardillo ◽  
Enrique Abad ◽  
Sally Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Overland Flow ◽  
Saturation Excess

scholarly journals Urban Flood Event and Associated Damage in the Benue Valley, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Temi Ologunorisa ◽  
Obioma Ogbuokiri ◽  
Adebayo Oluwole Eludoyin
Keyword(s):  
Flood Control ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Standardized Precipitation Index ◽  
Flood Damage ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Flood Event ◽  
Discharge Data ◽  
Precipitation Concentration Index ◽  
Infiltration Excess ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Flooding events in the Lower Benue valley of Nigeria are often associated with huge damage to properties and loss of life in the adjoining communities. Specific objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of 2017 flood event as typical of the study area. Method used was an integrated environmental approach that combines analysis of rainfall and discharge data with social surveys, remote sensing and geographical information system. Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), Precipitation Concentration Index (PCI) as well as flood damage curves were analysed with landuse/cover change and soil data to establish the nature of the flood and its impacts. Result showed that the flood in the study area is essentially saturation overland flow, which is more associated with saturation-excess than infiltration excess flow, and that the flood events are recurrent and predictable. 85% of the affected residents are however poor, earning an equivalent of US $4.3 daily, and live in non-reinforced concrete masonry (64%) and wooden buildings (24%). Many of the affected communities lived within flood plain and most buildings were structurally deficient. Victims received no compensation, and the properties were generally uninsured. The study recommends extensive flood control policy for the area and similar flood-prone communities.

scholarly journals Modelling the Event-Based Hydrological Response of Mediterranean Forests to Prescribed Fire and Soil Mulching with Fern Using the Curve Number, Horton and USLE-Family (Universal Soil Loss Equation) Models

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1166
Author(s):  
Bruno Gianmarco Carra ◽  
Giuseppe Bombino ◽  
Manuel Esteban Lucas-Borja ◽  
Pietro Denisi ◽  
Pedro Antonio Plaza-Álvarez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prescribed Fire ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Curve Number ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Mediterranean Forests ◽  
Hydrological Response ◽  
Infiltration Excess ◽  
Runoff And Soil Loss ◽  
Scs Cn

The SCS-CN, Horton, and USLE-family models are widely used to predict and control runoff and erosion in forest ecosystems. However, in the literature there is no evidence of their use in Mediterranean forests subjected to prescribed fire and soil mulching. To fill this gap, this study evaluates the prediction capability for runoff and soil loss of the SCS-CN, Horton, MUSLE, and USLE-M models in three forests (pine, chestnut, and oak) in Southern Italy. The investigation was carried out at plot and event scales throughout one year, after a prescribed fire and post-fire soil mulching with fern. The SCS-CN and USLE-M models were accurate in predicting runoff volume and soil loss, respectively. In contrast, poor predictions of the modelled hydrological variables were provided by the models in unburned plots, and by the Horton and MUSLE models for all soil conditions. This inaccuracy may have been due to the fact that the runoff and erosion generation mechanisms were saturation-excess and rainsplash, while the Horton and MUSLE models better simulate infiltration-excess and overland flow processes, respectively. For the SCS-CN and USLE-M models, calibration was needed to obtain accurate predictions of surface runoff and soil loss; furthermore, different CNs and C factors must be input throughout the year to simulate the variability of the hydrological response of soil after fire. After calibration, two sets of CNs and C-factor values were suggested for applications of the SCS-CN and USLE-M models, after prescribed fire and fern mulching in Mediterranean forests. Once validated in a wider range of environmental contexts, these models may support land managers in controlling the hydrology of Mediterranean forests that are prone to wildfire risks.

scholarly journals Seasonal variation of 24D export through surface runoff from pasture

2006 ◽  
Vol 59 ◽  
pp. 255-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. M?ller ◽  
R. Stenger ◽  
A. Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Rainfall Simulator ◽  
Water Conditions ◽  
Infiltration Excess ◽  
Soil Water Conditions ◽  
Saturation Excess

One day after the herbicide 24D was applied to 1050 m2 of a pastoral hillslope in Waikato runoff was generated with a sprinklertype rainfall simulator and 24D transport in surface runoff was measured The runoff coefficients differed significantly between an autumn (47) and a spring (19) event in spite of similar preevent soil water conditions Saturation excess with a variable contributing area had earlier been identified as the main runoff generating process for the autumn event In contrast infiltration excess possibly induced by treading effects and hydrophobicity are proposed as runoff causing processes for the spring event The eventaveraged 24D concentration in runoff was higher in autumn (049 mg/litre) than in spring (024 mg/litre) Correspondingly the exported 24D loss in autumn totalled 75 g/ha which equals 7 of the applied mass compared to only 14 g/ha (or 1) during the spring event

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