Effects of variations in incident heat flux when using cone calorimeter test data for prediction of full-scale heat release rates of polyurethane foam

2014 ◽  
pp. n/a-n/a ◽  
Author(s):  
Luke D. Robson ◽  
David A. Torvi ◽  
Matthew R. Obach ◽  
Elizabeth J. Weckman
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Polyurethane Foam ◽  
Test Data ◽  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Release Rates ◽  
Incident Heat Flux ◽  
Cone Calorimeter Test

A Comparison of the Behaviour of Spruce Wood and Polyolefins during the Test on the Cone Calorimeter

2013 ◽  
Vol 726-731 ◽  
pp. 4280-4287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jozef Martinka ◽  
Emília Hroncová ◽  
Tomáš Chrebet ◽  
Karol Balog
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
Lower Sensitivity ◽  
Average Heat ◽  
Fire Propagation ◽  
Spruce Wood

This article deals with comparison of the behaviour of spruce wood and polyolefins (polyethylene PE and polypropylene PP) during the test on the cone calorimeter. Samples were tested on the cone calorimeter at heat flux of 20 and 40 kW/m2. An evaluation of the behaviour of examined materials was based on the determination of the maximum and the average heat release rate, yield of carbon monoxide (CO), and relative comparison of tendency to fire propagation in a flashover phase. The tendency of materials to fire propagation in the flashover phase was evaluated based on the Pearson ́s correlation, the Spearman ́s correlation and the Kendall ́s correlation coefficient of HRR-CO and CO2-CO. Spruce wood showed better properties in comparison with PE and PP in all evaluated parameters (the maximum and the average heat release rate, the yield of CO, and also the resistance to fire propagation in the flashover phase. Additionally, spruce wood showed significantly lower sensitivity of dependence of the maximum and also the average heat release rate on external heat flux.

Investigation of Flammable Behavior of Nylon 6 Fabrics with and without Spandex Using Cone Calorimeter Test and Vertical Burning Test

2014 ◽  
Vol 852 ◽  
pp. 644-647
Author(s):  
Sheng Li Luo ◽  
Hai Liang Zhang ◽  
Zhi Cheng Zhan ◽  
Bing He Mao ◽  
Zhi Jie Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
Nylon 6 ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Total Heat Release ◽  
Combustion Behavior ◽  
Textile Fabrics ◽  
Cone Calorimeter Test ◽  
Nylon Fiber

To study the influence of spandex on combustion behavior of textile fabrics, two kinds of nylon 6 fabrics were tested using cone calorimeter test and vertical burning test. Some key combustion parameters such as heat release rate (HRR), total heat release (THR) and rate of smoke release (RSR) were obtained from cone calorimeter test and afterflame time and damaged length from vertical burning test. Results indicated that the nylon 6 fabric containing spandex showed 21% higher HRR value. But THRs of the nylon 6 fabric containing spandex and the pure nylon 6 fabric were close. RSR curves indicated that RSR value of the nylon 6 fabric containing spandex was 73% higher than that of the pure nylon 6 fabric. The afterflame time and damaged length of the nylon 6 fabric containing spandex were much longer than that of the pure nylon 6 fabric. Spandex does accelerate the combustion behavior on Nylon fiber.

scholarly journals Flame-retardant treatment of wool and wool-rich blends: A study of bath composition

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 155892502092221
Author(s):  
Elif Kaynak ◽  
Mustafa Erdem Üreyen ◽  
Ali Savaş Koparal ◽  
Adem Mutlu
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
Wool Fabric ◽  
Acetate Solution ◽  
Bath Composition ◽  
Zirconium Acetate ◽  
Zirconium Complexes ◽  
Flammability Test ◽  
Cone Calorimeter Test

Wool and wool-polyamide blended yarns (88.6% wool–11.4% polyamide 6,6 and 78.5% wool–21.5% polyamide 6,6) were knitted and the produced fabrics were treated by exhaustion method with zirconium complexes. Six different baths containing potassium hexafluorozirconate and zirconium acetate were studied. The flammability hazard was evaluated considering parameters such as the spread of flame, the heat release and the smoke release rate. Regardless of the blend composition, the untreated fabrics could not pass the vertical flammability test. 100% wool fabric could pass the vertical flammability test when treated with only 1% potassium hexafluorozirconate and 10% zirconium acetate solution. Higher compositions of metal complexes were required for the blended fabrics to pass the vertical flammability test. In the cone calorimeter test, 100% wool treated with 5% potassium hexafluorozirconate and 10% zirconium acetate solution gave the lowest peak heat release and smoke release rate values as 146.4 kW/m2 and 1.2 s−1, respectively.

scholarly journals Nacre-Mimetic Green Flame Retardant: Ultra-High Nanofiller Content, Thin Nanocomposite as an Effective Flame Retardant

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 2351
Author(s):  
Irlaine Machado ◽  
Isabel Hsieh ◽  
Veronica Calado ◽  
Thomas Chapin ◽  
Hatsuo Ishida
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Polyurethane Foam ◽  
Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Compression Tests ◽  
Release Capacity ◽  
Cone Calorimeter Test ◽  
Heat Release Capacity ◽  
Nanofiller Content

A nacre-mimetic brick-and-mortar structure was used to develop a new flame-retardant technology. A second biomimetic approach was utilized to develop a non-flammable elastomeric benzoxazine for use as a polymer matrix that effectively adheres to the hydrophilic laponite nanofiller. A combination of laponite and benzoxazine is used to apply an ultra-high nanofiller content, thin nanocomposite coating on a polyurethane foam. The technology used is made environmentally friendly by eliminating the need to add any undesirable flame retardants, such as phosphorus additives or halogenated compounds. The very-thin coating on the polyurethane foam (PUF) is obtained through a single dip-coating. The structure of the polymer has been confirmed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The flammability of the polymer and nanocomposite was evaluated by heat release capacity using microscale combustion calorimetry (MCC). A material with heat release capacity (HRC) lower than 100 J/Kg is considered non-ignitable. The nanocomposite developed exhibits HRC of 22 J/Kg, which is well within the classification of a non-ignitable material. The cone calorimeter test was also used to investigate the flame retardancy of the nanocomposite’s thin film on polyurethane foam. This test confirms that the second peak of the heat release rate (HRR) decreased 62% or completely disappeared for the coated PUF with different loadings. Compression tests show an increase in the modulus of the PUF by 88% for the 4 wt% coating concentration. Upon repeated modulus tests, the rigidity decreases, approaching the modulus of the uncoated PUF. However, the effect of this repeated mechanical loading does not significantly affect the flame retarding performance.

scholarly journals Use of the cone calorimeter to detect seasonal differences in selected combustion characteristics of ornamental vegetation

2005 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 321 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. Weise ◽  
Robert H. White ◽  
Frank C. Beall ◽  
Matt Etlinger
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
Mass Loss Rate ◽  
Combustion Characteristics ◽  
Release Rates ◽  
Intermediate Scale ◽  
Time To Ignition

The flammability of living vegetation is influenced by a variety of factors, including moisture content, physical structure and chemical composition. The relative flammability of ornamental vegetation is of interest to homeowners seeking to make their homes ‘fire safe’. The relative importance of the factors influencing fire behaviour characteristics, such as flammability, is unknown. In the present study, oxygen consumption calorimetry was used to obtain selected combustion characteristics of ornamental vegetation. Peak heat release rate, mass loss rate, time to ignition and effective heat of combustion of 100 × 100-mm samples of foliage and small branches were measured using a bench-scale cone calorimeter. Green and oven-dry samples of 10 species were collected and tested seasonally for a period of 1 year. Similar measurements were made on whole shrubs in an intermediate-scale calorimeter. The range of cone calorimeter peak heat release rates for green and oven-dry samples was 1–176 and 49–331 kW m−2, respectively. Moisture content significantly reduced heat release rates and increased time to ignition. Peak heat release rates for Olea europea and Adenostoma fasciculatum were consistently highest over the year of testing; Aloe sp. consistently had the lowest heat release rate. The correlation of peak heat release rates measured by the cone calorimeter and an intermediate-scale calorimeter was statistically significant yet low (0.51). The use of the cone calorimeter as a tool to establish the relative flammability rating for landscape vegetation requires additional investigation.

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