Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as inducers of cytochrome P4501A enzyme activity in the rainbow trout liver cell line, RTL-W1, and in primary cultures of rainbow trout hepatocytes

2001 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 632-643 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anja Behrens ◽  
Kristin Schirmer ◽  
Niels C. Bols ◽  
Helmut Segner
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Cell Line ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Liver Cell ◽  
Primary Cultures ◽  
Cytochrome P4501a ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Rainbow Trout Liver

Use of the Rainbow Trout Hepatoma Cell Line, RTH-149, in a Cytotoxicity Assay

1989 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-71
Author(s):  
Harvey Babich ◽  
Nieves Martin-Alguacil ◽  
Ellen Borenfreund
Keyword(s):  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Cell Line ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Hepatoma Cell ◽  
Neutral Red ◽  
Cytotoxicity Assay ◽  
Hepatoma Cell Line ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Direct Acting

The rainbow trout hepatoma cell line, RTH-149, was evaluated for use as a bioindicator cell type in the neutral red cytotoxicity assay. The cells were exposed for six days to various polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, including chemicals that are direct-acting toxicants and chemicals that require enzymatic biotransformation to cytotoxic metabolites. Whereas benzo[a]pyrene was only slightly cytotoxic, its metabolites — (±)trans-7,8-diol-benzo[a]pyrene and 3-hydroxy-benzo[a]pyrene — were highly cytotoxic. 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene was cytotoxic, but cytotoxicity did not occur with benzo[a]anthracene, benzo[b]fluoranthene and benzo[k]fluoranthene. This cell line appears to lack sufficient xenobiotic metabolising capacity to biotransform many of these polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to activated cytotoxic metabolites.

Smoke Chemistry, In Vitro Cytotoxicity, and Genotoxicity Demonstrates Enhanced Toxicity of Cigarillos Compared With Cigarettes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynn Crosby ◽  
Berran Yucesoy ◽  
Carmine Leggett ◽  
Zheng Tu ◽  
Steven A Belinsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Cell Line ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Mutation Frequency ◽  
International Organization ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Cultured Cell Line ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Tobacco Specific Nitrosamines

Abstract There has been limited toxicity testing of cigarillos, including comparison to cigarettes. This study compared the smoke chemistry and the cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of 10 conventional cigarettes and 10 cigarillos based on the greatest market share. Whole smoke and total particulate matter (TPM) were generated using the Canadian Intense and International Organization for Standardization puffing protocols. Tobacco-specific nitrosamines, carbonyls, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were measured using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. TPM smoke extracts were used for the in vitro assays. Cytotoxicity was assessed in human bronchial epithelial continuously cultured cell line cells using the neutral red uptake assay. Genotoxic potential was assessed using the micronucleus (human lung adenocarcinoma continuously cultured cell line cells), Ames, and thymidine kinase assays. TPM from all cigarillos tested was more cytotoxic than cigarettes. Micronucleus formation was significantly greater for cigarillos compared with cigarettes at the highest dose of TPM, with or without rat liver S9 fraction. In the Ames test +S9, both tobacco products exhibited significant dose-dependent increases in mutation frequency, indicating metabolic activation is required for genotoxicity. In the thymidine kinase assay +S9, cigarillos showed a significantly enhanced mutation frequency although both tobacco products were positive. The levels of all measured polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, tobacco-specific nitrosamines, and carbonyls (except acrolein) were significantly greater in cigarillos than cigarettes. The Canadian Intense puffing protocol demonstrated increased smoke constituent levels compared with International Organization for Standardization. Even though the gas vapor phase was not tested, the results of this study showed that under the tested conditions the investigated cigarillos showed greater toxicity than comparator cigarettes. This study found that there is significantly greater toxicity in the tested U.S. marketed cigarillos than cigarettes for tobacco constituent levels, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity. These findings are important for understanding the human health toxicity from the use of cigarillos relative to cigarettes and for building upon knowledge regarding harm from cigarillos to inform risk mitigation strategies.

Contribution of commonly analyzed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to potential toxicity in early life stages of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

2006 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 1320-1333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrik Sundberg ◽  
Rasha Ishaq ◽  
Ulla Tjärnlund ◽  
Gun Åkerman ◽  
Kerstin Grunder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Potential Toxicity ◽  
Total Extract ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Erod Induction ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic

In a series of bio-effect-directed fractionation experiments, we investigated the potential toxicity of sediment extracts from a contaminated bay. A previous study investigated abnormalities and hepatic ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activities in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) larvae by exposing newly fertilized eggs to the total extract and to fractions separated by degree of aromaticity. A major part of the potential toxicity was isolated in a fraction containing polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs). In this study, we prepared a synthetic PAC mixture with 17 commonly analyzed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in amounts equimolar to those found in the sediment PAC fraction. The 17 PAHs, which included 11 of the 16 United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) priority PAHs, were unable to account for the toxicopathic effects observed and could explain less than 4% of the total EROD induction. The lack of a clear relationship between toxicopathic effects and EROD induction underlines the need for a battery of biomarkers for estimating environmental risk. These results reveal the limits of our knowledge regarding compounds responsible for potential toxicity in field situations.

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