Effects of laboratory test conditions on the toxicity of silver to aquatic organisms

1998 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 572-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell J. Erickson ◽  
Larry T. Brooke ◽  
Michael D. Kahl ◽  
Fred Vende Venter ◽  
Sandra L. Harting ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Test ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Test Conditions

scholarly journals A proposal to determine the distribution of lateral forces from loaded recycled plastic drainage kerbs

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fin O’Flaherty ◽  
Fathi Al-Shawi
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Test ◽  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Test Data ◽  
Lateral Force ◽  
Measuring Device ◽  
Test Methodology ◽  
Lateral Forces ◽  
Test Conditions ◽  
Fit For Purpose ◽  
Construction Product

AbstractThis study presents a detailed analysis of the lateral forces generated as a result of vertically applied loads to recycled plastic drainage kerbs. These kerbs are a relatively new addition to road infrastructure projects. When concrete is used to form road drainage kerbs, its deformation is minimum when stressed under heavy axle loads. Although recycled plastic kerbs are more environmentally friendly as a construction product, they are less stiff than concrete and tend to deform more under loading leading to a bursting type, lateral force being applied to the haunch materials, the magnitude of which is unknown. A method is proposed for establishing the distribution of these lateral forces resulting from deformation under laboratory test conditions. A load of 400 kN is applied onto a total of six typical kerbs in the laboratory in accordance with the test standard. The drainage kerbs are surrounded with 150 mm of concrete to the front and rear haunch and underneath as is normal during installation. The lateral forces exerted on the concrete surround as a result of deformation of the plastic kerbs are determined via a strain measuring device. Analysis of the test data allows the magnitude of the lateral forces to the surrounding media to be determined and, thereby, ensuring the haunch materials are not over-stressed as a result. The proposed test methodology and subsequent analysis allows for an important laboratory-based assessment of any typical recycled plastic drainage kerbs to be conducted to ensure they are fit-for-purpose in the field.

scholarly journals Exhaust emissions of particulate matter from light-duty vehicles – an overview and the current situation

2017 ◽  
Vol 171 (4) ◽  
pp. 227-238
Author(s):  
Piotr BIELACZYC ◽  
Andrzej SZCZOTKA ◽  
Joseph WOODBURN
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Laboratory Test ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
Engine Fuel ◽  
Fuel Type ◽  
Particle Emissions ◽  
Test Conditions ◽  
Light Duty ◽  
Light Duty Vehicles

Emissions of particulate matter associated with the use of light-duty vehicles are an increasingly important topic, with more and more political attention focused on this issue. Now that direct injection Diesel engines feature DPFs, particle emissions from other engine types operating on other fuels are also of great interest. This paper discusses the phenomenon in general, briefly reviews worldwide legislation and emissions limits and presents the results of a laboratory test programme measuring the particle emissions from a range of vehicles. The experimental programme showed that the engine/fuel type has a greater impact on particle emissions than the test conditions.

On the Lubrication Mechanism of SbSbS4

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 530-531
Author(s):  
J. S. Harris ◽  
L.K. Ives ◽  
M. B. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Test ◽  
Friction And Wear ◽  
Solid Lubricant ◽  
Wear Behavior ◽  
Powder Form ◽  
Extreme Pressure ◽  
Lubrication Mechanism ◽  
Friction And Wear Behavior ◽  
Test Conditions ◽  
Wear Tests

Recent investigations have shown that SbSbS4 is a promising solid lubricant. It exhibits outstanding extreme pressure (EP) performance, and good antiwear behavior under laboratory test conditions. An investigation was undertaken to identify the mechanism by which SbSbS4 functioned when used as a lubricant in the dry powder form and as an additive to oils and greases. Friction and wear behavior of SbSbS^ was investigated using several different wear tests carried out in air at temperatures ranging from 20°C to 500°C.

scholarly journals Experimental Evaluation of Oxide Nanoparticles as Friction and Wear Improvement Additives in Motor Oil

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholaos G. Demas ◽  
Robert A. Erck ◽  
Cinta Lorenzo-Martin ◽  
Oyelayo O. Ajayi ◽  
George R. Fenske
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Test ◽  
Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Friction And Wear ◽  
Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Test Machine ◽  
Motor Oil ◽  
Test Configuration ◽  
Test Conditions ◽  
Contact Configuration ◽  
The Coefficient Of Friction

The effect of two nanoparticle oxides on friction and wear was studied under laboratory test conditions using a reciprocating test machine and two test configurations. The addition of these nanoparticles in base stock oil under certain conditions reduced the coefficient of friction and improved wear, but that depended on the test configuration. Examination of the rubbed surfaces showed the pronounced formation of a tribofilm in some cases, while polishing on the surface was also observed in other cases. Contact configuration is important when oxide nanoparticles are being evaluated and the conclusions about their efficacy can be vastly different.

scholarly journals Ecotoxicological investigation of cyanobacterial crude extracts to Daphniamagna under subchronic test conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 498-507
Author(s):  
Tan-Duc NGUYEN ◽  
Xuan-Quang NGO ◽  
Thanh-Luu PHAM ◽  
Thanh-Son DAO
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Physiological Response ◽  
Feeding Rate ◽  
Somatic Growth ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Cyanobacterial Blooms ◽  
Life History Trait ◽  
Test Conditions ◽  
Crude Extracts ◽  
Gravid Females

Cyanobacterial blooms often consist of mixtures of microcystin-producing and microcystin-free species, and both can cause unpredictable effects on aquatic organisms. In this work, the subchronic effects of the cyanobacterial crude extracts (CCEs) from microcystin-producing and microcystin-free cyanobacteria with different microcystin concentrations (1, 10, and 50 μgL−1)on Daphnia magna were investigated. The life-history trait responses of D. magna to CCEs were determined based on survival, reproduction, and somatic growth. In addition, the physiological response, represented by the feeding rate of D. magna on green algae (Scenedesmussp.), after exposure to both types of crude extracts was estimated. Our results showed that both microcystin-containing (MCCE) and microcystin-free (NCCE) crude extracts insignificantly reduced survival but strongly enhanced reproduction and somatic growth of organisms. However, degradation of eggs and neonates of the gravid females exposed to CCEs was observed. In addition, the feeding rate of D. magna exposed to MCCE increased significantly, whereas no change in the feeding rate was observed for NCCE-exposed D. magna. In general, new and interesting aspects of the toxicity of MCCE and NCCE were revealed by this study, which contributes to the understanding of the toxicity of Pseudanabaena sp. extract on D. magna under bioassays.

Development of a laboratory test for microbial involvement in accelerated low water corrosion

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 170
Author(s):  
Scott Wade ◽  
Linda Blackall
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Test ◽  
Microbial Consortium ◽  
General Term ◽  
Microbial Consortia ◽  
Structural Safety ◽  
Microbially Influenced Corrosion ◽  
Test Conditions ◽  
Safety Design ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Metallic Corrosion

Microbially influenced corrosion (MIC) is a general term for when microbes affect material corrosion processes. The rapid corrosion that can occur due to MIC can cause significant dangers and costs for owners of relevant assets in relation to predicting structural safety, design of new structures and maintenance. Verification and/or prediction that a structure may be subject to MIC is not straightforward and, when metal surfaces are involved, it requires a series of metallurgical, microbiological and chemical tests. A useful part of this testing can be laboratory-based studies of microbial consortium samples from the environment of interest. However, there are no standard guidelines for how to perform such tests. Here we report the results of a preliminary study of laboratory corrosion simulations with biomass from a marine metallic corrosion event and show that simple changes in the test conditions can alter the rate of corrosion and the composition of microbial consortia during the test.

Abrasive Erosion Comparison for a Ceramics and a High Chrome Cast Iron Applied in a Slurry Pump

2008 ◽  
Vol 368-372 ◽  
pp. 894-897
Author(s):  
Xian Wu Luo ◽  
Hong Yuan Xu ◽  
Juan Liu ◽  
Long Hao Qi
Keyword(s):  
Cast Iron ◽  
Laboratory Test ◽  
Erosion Rate ◽  
Solid Particles ◽  
Severe Damage ◽  
Engineering Ceramics ◽  
Flow Passage ◽  
Test Conditions ◽  
Abrasive Erosion ◽  
Si3n4 Ceramics

Slurry pumps are used to transport the liquid fluids with solid particles in the industries. The materials of flow passage in a slurry pump are subjected to severe damage due to abrasive erosion. This paper compares the abrasive erosion for an engineering ceramics i.e. hot pressed Si3N4 ceramics and a high chrome cast iron i.e. Cr26 by laboratory test and industrial operation. The results indicate that the erosion rate of Cr26 is much larger than that of hot pressed Si3N4 ceramics under the same test conditions. That indicates that the engineering ceramics is a promising alternation of the expensive material such as Cr26 in the application of slurry pumps. It is noted that the erosion pattern such as scale ripple has the similar features for both materials, even the hardness of hot pressed Si3N4 ceramics is much higher than Cr26. Further, the scale ripple is suspected to be originated from the relatively weak grain boundary and enhanced by cavitation.

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