Detailed Comparative Anatomy of the Extrinsic Cardiac Nerve Plexus and Postnatal Reorganization of the Cardiac Position and Innervation in the Great Apes: Orangutans, Gorillas, and Chimpanzees

Tomokazu Kawashima; Fumi Sato

doi:10.1002/ar.21530

Detailed Comparative Anatomy of the Extrinsic Cardiac Nerve Plexus and Postnatal Reorganization of the Cardiac Position and Innervation in the Great Apes: Orangutans, Gorillas, and Chimpanzees

The Anatomical Record ◽

10.1002/ar.21530 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 295 (3) ◽

pp. 438-453 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Tomokazu Kawashima ◽

Fumi Sato

Keyword(s):

Comparative Anatomy ◽

Great Apes ◽

Nerve Plexus ◽

Cardiac Nerve

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Comparative Anatomy of Mandibular Neurovascular Canals in Modern Human and Great Apes: A Pilot Study with Cone Beam Computed to Mography

International Journal of Human Anatomy ◽

10.14302/issn.2577-2279.ijha-17-1903 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Livia Corpas ◽

Yan Huang ◽

Bassant Mowafey ◽

Patrick Semal ◽

Xin Liang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Comparative Anatomy ◽

Great Apes ◽

Anatomical Variations ◽

Mandibular Canal ◽

Mental Foramen ◽

Modern Human ◽

Cone Beam ◽

Linear Measurements ◽

Incisive Canal ◽

Bone Width

The aim of the present study was to compare mandibular neurovascular canal anatomy in human and great apes by using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). The anatomical variability of mandibular neurovascular canals (mandibular, incisive and lingual canals) of 129 modern humans and great apes (Homo, Pan and Gorilla) were analyzed by linear measurements on CBCT images. The Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test and Dunnâs all pairs for joint ranks were applied to compare the variability of mandibular canals among these groups. Human, Chimpanzee and Gorilla groups showed significant differences in the dimensions of the mandibular canal, mental foramen, incisive canal, lingual canal and anterior mandibular bone width. Bifid mandibular canals and anterior loops were the anatomical variations most frequently observed in the Gorilla. Humans had a larger mental foramen and a distinctive incisive canal. The latter could not be identified in the Gorilla group. The variability in the anatomy within mandibles of human and non-human primates, shows different forms in the neurovascular structures. In comparison to the mandible of great apes, the incisive canal is suggested to be a feature unique to the human mandible.

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Comparative Anatomy of the Hind Limb Vessels of the Bearded Capuchins (Sapajus libidinosus) with Apes, Baboons, andCebus capucinus: With Comments on the Vessels' Role in Bipedalism

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2013/737358 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-15 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Roqueline A. G. M. F. Aversi-Ferreira ◽

Tainá de Abreu ◽

Gabriel A. Pfrimer ◽

Sylla F. Silva ◽

Janine M. Ziermann ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hind Limb ◽

Comparative Anatomy ◽

Metabolic Cost ◽

Great Apes ◽

Lower Limbs ◽

Capuchin Monkeys ◽

Behavioral Differences ◽

Saphenous Veins ◽

Pelvic Limb ◽

Arteries And Veins

Capuchin monkeys are known to exhibit sporadic bipedalism while performing specific tasks, such as cracking nuts. The bipedal posture and locomotion cause an increase in the metabolic cost and therefore increased blood supply to lower limbs is necessary. Here, we present a detailed anatomical description of the capuchin arteries and veins of the pelvic limb ofSapajus libidinosusin comparison with other primates. The arterial pattern of the bearded capuchin hind limb is more similar to other quadrupedalCebusspecies. Similarities were also found to the pattern observed in the quadrupedPapio, which is probably due to a comparable pelvis and the presence of the tail.Sapajus' traits show fewer similarities when compared to great apes and modern humans. Moreover, the bearded capuchin showed unique patterns for the femoral and the short saphenous veins. Although this species switches easily from quadrupedal to bipedal postures, our results indicate that the bearded capuchin has no specific or differential features that support extended bipedal posture and locomotion. Thus, the explanation for the behavioral differences found among capuchin genera probably includes other aspects of their physiology.

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Morphometric and Statistical Analysis of the Palmaris Longus Muscle in Human and Non-Human Primates

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2014/178906 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Roqueline A. G. M. F. Aversi-Ferreira ◽

Rafael Vieira Bretas ◽

Rafael Souto Maior ◽

Munkhzul Davaasuren ◽

Carlos Alberto Paraguassú-Chaves ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Performance ◽

Comparative Anatomy ◽

Relative Length ◽

Great Apes ◽

Anatomical Variations ◽

Metacarpophalangeal Joint ◽

Flexor Muscle ◽

Modern Humans ◽

Palmaris Longus

The palmaris longus is considered a phylogenetic degenerate metacarpophalangeal joint flexor muscle in humans, a small vestigial forearm muscle; it is the most variable muscle in humans, showing variation in position, duplication, slips and could be reverted. It is frequently studied in papers about human anatomical variations in cadavers andin vivo, its variation has importance in medical clinic, surgery, radiological analysis, in studies about high-performance athletes, in genetics and anthropologic studies. Most studies about palmaris longus in humans are associated to frequency or case studies, but comparative anatomy in primates and comparative morphometry were not found in scientific literature. Comparative anatomy associated to morphometry of palmaris longus could explain the degeneration observed in this muscle in two of three of the great apes. Hypothetically, the comparison of the relative length of tendons and belly could indicate the pathway of the degeneration of this muscle, that is, the degeneration could be associated to increased tendon length and decreased belly from more primitive primates to those most derivate, that is, great apes to modern humans. In conclusion, in primates, the tendon of the palmaris longus increase from Lemuriformes to modern humans, that is, from arboreal to terrestrial primates and the muscle became weaker and tending to be missing.

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