scholarly journals Comparative Anatomy of the Hind Limb Vessels of the Bearded Capuchins (Sapajus libidinosus) with Apes, Baboons, andCebus capucinus: With Comments on the Vessels' Role in Bipedalism

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roqueline A. G. M. F. Aversi-Ferreira ◽  
Tainá de Abreu ◽  
Gabriel A. Pfrimer ◽  
Sylla F. Silva ◽  
Janine M. Ziermann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hind Limb ◽  
Comparative Anatomy ◽  
Metabolic Cost ◽  
Great Apes ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Capuchin Monkeys ◽  
Behavioral Differences ◽  
Saphenous Veins ◽  
Pelvic Limb ◽  
Arteries And Veins

Capuchin monkeys are known to exhibit sporadic bipedalism while performing specific tasks, such as cracking nuts. The bipedal posture and locomotion cause an increase in the metabolic cost and therefore increased blood supply to lower limbs is necessary. Here, we present a detailed anatomical description of the capuchin arteries and veins of the pelvic limb ofSapajus libidinosusin comparison with other primates. The arterial pattern of the bearded capuchin hind limb is more similar to other quadrupedalCebusspecies. Similarities were also found to the pattern observed in the quadrupedPapio, which is probably due to a comparable pelvis and the presence of the tail.Sapajus' traits show fewer similarities when compared to great apes and modern humans. Moreover, the bearded capuchin showed unique patterns for the femoral and the short saphenous veins. Although this species switches easily from quadrupedal to bipedal postures, our results indicate that the bearded capuchin has no specific or differential features that support extended bipedal posture and locomotion. Thus, the explanation for the behavioral differences found among capuchin genera probably includes other aspects of their physiology.

Develop a Flexible Regenerative Exoskeleton to Assist Walking

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Longhan Xie ◽  
Xiaodong Li
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Lower Limb ◽  
Metabolic Cost ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Lower Limb Exoskeleton ◽  
Negative Work ◽  
Lower Limb Muscles ◽  
Assisting Device

During walking, human lower limbs accelerate and decelerate alternately, during which period the human body does positive and negative work, respectively. Muscles provide power to all motions and cost metabolic energy both in accelerating and decelerating the lower limbs. In this work, the lower-limb biomechanics of walking was analyzed and it revealed that if the negative work performed during deceleration can be harnessed using some assisting device to then assist the acceleration movement of the lower limb, the total metabolic cost of the human body during walking can be reduced. A flexible lower-limb exoskeleton was then proposed; it is worn in parallel to the lower limbs to assist human walking without consuming external power. The flexible exoskeleton consists of elastic and damping components that are similar to physiological structure of a human lower limb. When worn on the lower limb, the exoskeleton can partly replace the function of the lower limb muscles and scavenge kinetic energy during lower limb deceleration to assist the acceleration movement. Besides, the generator in the exoskeleton, serving as a damping component, can harvest kinetic energy to produce electricity. A prototype of the flexible exoskeleton was developed, and experiments were carried out to validate the analysis. The experiments showed that the exoskeleton could reduce the metabolic cost by 3.12% at the walking speed of 4.5 km/h.

scholarly journals Comparative Anatomy of Mandibular Neurovascular Canals in Modern Human and Great Apes: A Pilot Study with Cone Beam Computed to Mography

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Livia Corpas ◽  
Yan Huang ◽  
Bassant Mowafey ◽  
Patrick Semal ◽  
Xin Liang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Anatomy ◽  
Great Apes ◽  
Anatomical Variations ◽  
Mandibular Canal ◽  
Mental Foramen ◽  
Modern Human ◽  
Cone Beam ◽  
Linear Measurements ◽  
Incisive Canal ◽  
Bone Width

The aim of the present study was to compare mandibular neurovascular canal anatomy in human and great apes by using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). The anatomical variability of mandibular neurovascular canals (mandibular, incisive and lingual canals) of 129 modern humans and great apes (Homo, Pan and Gorilla) were analyzed by linear measurements on CBCT images. The Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test and Dunn’s all pairs for joint ranks were applied to compare the variability of mandibular canals among these groups. Human, Chimpanzee and Gorilla groups showed significant differences in the dimensions of the mandibular canal, mental foramen, incisive canal, lingual canal and anterior mandibular bone width. Bifid mandibular canals and anterior loops were the anatomical variations most frequently observed in the Gorilla. Humans had a larger mental foramen and a distinctive incisive canal. The latter could not be identified in the Gorilla group. The variability in the anatomy within mandibles of human and non-human primates, shows different forms in the neurovascular structures. In comparison to the mandible of great apes, the incisive canal is suggested to be a feature unique to the human mandible.

XVII. On the blood-vessels of mustelus antarcticus: a contribution to the morphology of the vascular system in the vertebrata

1886 ◽  
Vol 177 ◽  
pp. 685-732 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Comparative Anatomy ◽  
Considerable Importance ◽  
Arteries And Veins ◽  
General Work ◽  
Accessible Form ◽  
Complete Account

The present inquiry was undertaken with a view of settling, if possible, one or two doubtful points in our knowledge of the vascular system of Fishes, and of giving, in an accessible form, a fairly complete account of the blood-vessels of a typical Selachian, since, as far as I am aware, this has not yet been done. The arteries and veins of the Skate are figured, for the most part very accurately, by Monro (16); the arteries of Raja and Torpedo are described and figured in detail by Hyrtl (11), and there are good general accounts of the vascular system in both orders of Plagiostomi in the works of Müller (17), Stannius (25), and Milne Edwards (14). By all these authors, however, several points of considerable importance are either missed or but slightly referred to, while others are more or less inaccurately described. In all the more modern text-books of comparative anatomy to which I have had access the vascular system of Fishes is very meagrely treated, the manuals of Owen (19), Huxley (10), Claus (4), Gegenbaur (7), Rolleston (24), Macalister (13), Günther (8), and Wiedersheim (26), adding little or nothing to the excellent though brief account in Stannius’s handbook just referred to. Indeed, the only general work I have seen which gives any important information not to be found in Stannius is Milne Edwards’s ‘Leçons,' in which the description of the vascular system, and especially of the arteries of Fishes, is full, and, like everything else in that invaluable book, admirably clear.

Using behaviour observations to study personality in a group of capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) in captivity

Behaviour ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 156 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 203-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Brandão ◽  
Raquel Costa ◽  
Evelina Rodrigues ◽  
Luis Vicente
Keyword(s):  
Research Method ◽  
Great Apes ◽  
Capuchin Monkeys ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
Behavioural Flexibility ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Analyse Data ◽  
Personality Diversity ◽  
Detailed Picture

Abstract This article presents a novel approach to the study of primate personality and illustrates it with a study of capuchin monkeys. While most personality studies with capuchin monkeys have used rating questionnaires, the research method of this study relies instead on direct behaviour observations. In an effort to capitalize on the full richness of behavioural observation data, we used both statistical and non-statistical methods to analyse data from behavioural observations of a group of capuchin monkeys in captivity. Interest in capuchin monkeys as a species has increased due to their cognitive capacities, behavioural flexibility and complex social structure, as well as many similarities with great apes in dimensions of personality. In this study we focus in three aspects of personality: diversity, flexibility and complexity. Our results provide a detailed picture of these aspects of capuchins’ personality, including the degree of “predictability” and “unusualness” of individual capuchins’ behaviour.

Surgical Treatment of Suspected Meningioangiomatosis in the Thoracolumbar Spinal Cord

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie C. Dantio ◽  
Amanda J. Dennis ◽  
Robert L. Bergman
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Hind Limb ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Initial Examination ◽  
Limb Ataxia ◽  
Vascular Proliferation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Pelvic Limb ◽  
Long Term Prognosis

ABSTRACT A 5 yr old male neutered Labrador retriever was evaluated for an 8 wk history of a slowly progressive abnormal hind limb gait that did not respond to treatment with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories. Initial examination findings were mild pelvic limb ataxia and moderate right pelvic limb lameness. A computed tomography with a myelogram was performed and showed a suspected intramedullary spinal mass. MRI was conducted and supported the computed tomography with myelogram findings of a possible intradural spinal mass at L1. A left-sided hemilaminectomy followed by a durotomy at L1 was performed and a firm, tan mass was removed. The histopathologic findings indicated a vascular proliferation most suggestive of a rare proliferative disorder of leptomeningeal blood vessels termed meningioangiomatosis. Although the dog’s signs initially worsened after surgery and he was nonambulatory with marked paraparesis, he regained ambulation within 3–4 wk after the operation. Eighteen months after surgery, he was ambulatory with mild hind limb ataxia with no progression of signs. This case suggests that surgical resection of lesions of suspected meningioangiomatosis can result in improvement of clinical signs with a good long-term prognosis.

scholarly journals Variants of Localization and Extension of Hypo- and Aplasia of the Great Saphenous Vein in Patients with Primary Varicose Great Saphenous Veins

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rostyslav Sabadosh
Keyword(s):  
Saphenous Vein ◽  
Lower Limb ◽  
Great Saphenous Vein ◽  
Varicose Veins ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Ultrasound Scan ◽  
Saphenous Veins ◽  
Vein Segment ◽  
Surgical Tactics ◽  
The Relationship

The objective of the research was to improve the diagnostics and treatment of patients with primary varicose great saphenous veins by studying their frequency and systematizing the variants of localization and extension of great saphenous vein hypoplasia and aplasia in its trunk. Materials and Methods. The study included 560 patients with varicose veins of the lower limbs and pathological refluxes in different segments of the great saphenous vein. All the patients underwent triplex ultrasound scan of the lower limb venous system. Results. Among the patients with pathological reflux in a certain GSV segment, hypo- and aplasia of its segments were observed in 32.5% of the cases (95% CI 28.6-36.6%). Aplasia of this vein was observed twice as less frequently than hypoplasia (p<0.05). In 2.3% of the cases (95% CI 1.2-3.9%), hypoplasia of a certain GSV segment evolved to aplasia, or vice versa. It was found that the GSV trunk may have several hypo- or aplastic regions separated by its normal or varicose segment – bi-level hypo- or aplasia that was observed in 3.8% of the patients with hypo- or aplasia (95% CI 1.6-7.8%). In bi-level hypo- or aplasia, 2 hypoplastic regions were detected in 85.7% of the cases (95% CI 42.1-99.6%) and 2 aplastic regions were found in 14.3% of the cases (95% CI 0.4-57.9%). There were proposed to distinguish the following variants of GSV hypo- and aplasia: 1) simple: total, proximal, segmental and distal; 2) bi-level: proximal segmental, distal segmental and bi-segmental. In addition, for every dysplastic vein segment, the type of malformation should be indicated, namely hypoplasia, aplasia, or hypo/aplasia. Conclusions. The study conducted allowed assessing the relationship between the variants of GSV hypo- and aplastic segment localization and extension and different variations of pathological refluxes of the GSV in its trunk for further choice of surgical tactics.

scholarly journals Nails Involvement in Winiwarter-Buerger Disease

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Michela V.R. Starace ◽  
Aurora Alessandrini ◽  
Antonella Tosti ◽  
Bianca Maria Piraccini
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Process ◽  
Arterial Occlusion ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Thromboangiitis Obliterans ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Case Presentation ◽  
Bed Erosion ◽  
Arteries And Veins ◽  
Severe Ischemia

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Buerger disease, or thromboangiitis obliterans, is an inflammatory and occlusive process involving small and medium size arteries and veins, which generally affects the lower limbs of young adult male with the habit of smoking. <b><i>Case Presentation:</i></b> This paper reports 2 patients who developed nail lesions as the first sign of Buerger disease. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Signs and symptoms of Buerger’s disease are secondary to the inflammatory process and arterial occlusion which results in severe ischemia. Involvement of nails is not common, but we found 2 different clinical features which have not been previously reported in the literature: chronic paronychia, and proximal leukonychia or onycholysis and nail bed erosion.

Features of blood vessels in children with connective tissue dysplasia of heart

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 101-105
Author(s):  
E. Yu. ISAKOVA ◽  
◽  
T. Yu. ATAMANOVA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Doppler Ultrasound ◽  
Venous Insufficiency ◽  
Vascular Diseases ◽  
Lower Extremities ◽  
Constant Thickness ◽  
Saphenous Veins ◽  
Upper And Lower Extremities ◽  
Connective Tissue Dysplasia ◽  
Arteries And Veins

The article presents the results of a study of Doppler ultrasound (USDG) of arteries and veins of the upper and lower extremities of 68 children with connective tissue dysplasia of heart. When examining the veins, functional tests were carried out: Valsalva’s test and a test with compression by a sensor. In children with connective tissue dysplasia of heart and concomitant arterial hypertension, the failure of the valves of saphenous veins is more common. Also, the following pathologies are revealed: chronic venous insufficiency, angiodysplasia, congenital hypoplasia and aplasia of the deep veins of the lower extremities. Examination of the arteries revealed a spasm of the arteries of the upper and lower extremities with a constant thickness of intima-media, Raynaud’s syndrome. In such patients, the linear blood flow velocity decreases, mainly in the deep arteries of the upper and lower extremities. Doppler ultrasound should be used for early detection of changes in the arteries and veins of the upper and lower extremities in order to prevent and treat vascular diseases.

5-year experience with varicose vein laser surgery

2012 ◽  
Vol 153 (47) ◽  
pp. 1863-1869
Author(s):  
Imre Bihari ◽  
George Ayoub ◽  
András Bihari
Keyword(s):  
Recurrence Rate ◽  
Varicose Vein ◽  
Lower Limb ◽  
Laser Surgery ◽  
Laser Energy ◽  
Varicose Veins ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
High Recurrence Rate ◽  
Complication Rates ◽  
Saphenous Veins

Introduction: The incidence of varicose veins in the lower limb is relatively frequent in Europe including Hungary. Aim: Authors report their 5-year experience in varicose vein laser surgery focusing with regards to recurrence and complication rates. Patients and methods: Surgery was performed on 647 lower limbs in 546 patients with an age between 17 and 80 years. They were overweight in 4.6 % of cases. The diameter of treated saphenous veins was between 4 and 31 mm. Indications for surgery were recurrence in 9.1% of cases and crural ulcer in 4.0% of cases. Laser fibre was introduced into the varicose saphenous stems and then 980 nm, later 1470 nm wavelength laser was delivered while the fibre was step-by-step pulled-out. Following the learning period laser energy was raised from a mean of 28 J/cm to 164 J/cm because of high recurrence rate. Results: During the learning period the recurrence rate was 13.8% while it was 1.9% thereafter. Pulmonary embolism occurred in two cases, which could have been avoidable. Further minor complications were also noted. Conclusions: Varicose vein laser surgery can be recommended because the recurrence rate is very low, major complications can be avoided and minor complications are temporary. Orv. Hetil., 2012, 153, 1863–1869.

The role of the upper and lower limbs in front crawl swimming: The thoughts and practices of expert high-performance swimming coaches

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 629-638
Author(s):  
Kirstin S Morris ◽  
David G Jenkins ◽  
Mark A Osborne ◽  
Steven B Rynne ◽  
Megan E Shephard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lower Limb ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Metabolic Cost ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Front Crawl ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Lower Limb Muscles ◽  
Primary Velocity

The perceptions of high-performance swimming coaches regarding the relative contribution of the upper and lower limbs are crucial in optimising athletic performance through subsequent prescription of training. Problematically, examination of these perspectives is lacking. To develop knowledge in this area, perceptions regarding the upper and lower limb velocity and metabolic contributions and reasoning surrounding whole body, arms-only and legs-only training prescription (referred to as swim, pull and kick, respectively) were garnered from seven male expert swimming coaches. The semi-structured interviews were transcribed verbatim by the lead researcher. Thematically analysed through open and axial-coding, results revealed that all coaches believed the upper limbs were the primary velocity generators but placed great importance on having well-conditioned muscles of the lower limbs. All coaches identified multiple interrelated parameters contributing to velocity generation and metabolic cost. In a typical training week, coaches allocate, on average, 58% (40–85%), 19% (0–30%) and 22% (10–40%) of the total training volume to swim, pull and kick training, respectively. All training prescription was based on anecdotal evidence and personal experience. Considering the variability in training allocation reported by these high-performance coaches, sport scientists and developmental coaches are encouraged to understand how factors such as the distance specialisation of the swimmers, injury status, stroke technique and physiological conditioning status of the upper and lower limb muscles influence the prescription of swim, pull and kick training within a typical training season.

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