Implantation of tumors in the hind limb field of the embryonic chick and the developmental response of the lumbosacral nervous system

1948 ◽  
Vol 102 (3) ◽  
pp. 369-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elmer D. Bueker
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Hind Limb ◽  
Embryonic Chick

scholarly journals Primary Cultures of Embryonic Chicken Neurons for Sensitive Cell-Based Assay of Botulinum Neurotoxin: Implications for Therapeutic Discovery

2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 370-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea M. Stahl ◽  
Gordon Ruthel ◽  
Edna Torres-Melendez ◽  
Tara A. Kenny ◽  
Rekha G. Panchal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Botulinum Toxin ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Botulinum Neurotoxin ◽  
Potent Inhibitor ◽  
Primary Cultures ◽  
Embryonic Chick ◽  
Sensitive Cell ◽  
Botulinum Neurotoxin A ◽  
Therapeutic Compounds

Botulinum toxin is an exceedingly potent inhibitor of neurotransmission across the neuromuscular junction, causing flaccid paralysis and death. The potential for misuse of this deadly poison as a bioweapon has added a greater urgency to the search for effective therapeutics. The development of sensitive and efficient cell-based assays for the evaluation of toxin antagonists is crucial to the rapid and successful identification of therapeutic compounds. The authors evaluated the sensitivity of primary cultures from 4 distinct regions of the embryonic chick nervous system to botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT/A) cleavage of synaptosomal-associated protein of 25 kD (SNAP-25). Although differences in sensitivity were apparent, SNAP-25 cleavage was detectable in neuronal cells from each of the 4 regions within 3 h at BoNT/A concentrations of 1 nM or lower. Co-incubation of chick neurons with BoNT/A and toxin-neutralizing antibodies inhibited SNAP-25 cleavage, demonstrating the utility of these cultures for the assay of BoNT/A antagonists. ( Journal of Biomolecular Screening 2007:370-377)

The appearance of muscle protein and myofibrils within the embryonic chick limb-bud

Development ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 673-679
Author(s):  
P. V. Thorogood
Keyword(s):  
Banding Pattern ◽  
Hind Limb ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Ventral Surface ◽  
Ultrastructural Level ◽  
Limb Bud ◽  
Embryonic Chick ◽  
Immunofluorescence Technique ◽  
Flexor Muscles

Myotubes are present in the developing hind limb of the embryonic chick at 5 days. An immunofluorescence technique was used to detect actomyosin within the myotubes. The earliest detectable appearance of this muscle protein was at six days of development, at sites located peripherally beneath the flattened dorsal and ventral surface of the limb. These dorsal and ventral loci are interpreted as representing the primordial extensor and flexor muscles. At the ultrastructural level the cytoplasm of the myotubes contains fibrillar components which are apparently aggregating to form myofibrils. A rudimentary banding pattern can be distinguished.

Some effects of de-afferentation on the developing amphibian nervous system

Development ◽  
1965 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-87
Author(s):  
Arthur Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Quantitative Study ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Hind Limb ◽  
Sensory Input ◽  
Bufo Marinus ◽  
Degenerative Changes ◽  
Normal Embryo

An adult anuran can still walk or swim if the nerves supplying one or even two limbs are de-afferentated (Gray, 1950). However, in a developing amphibian, a limb at motile stages becomes paralysed when deprived of its sensory input. A sequence of degenerative changes then follow in the cord and in peripheral nerves. Tadpoles of Bufo marinus and late embryos of Eleutherodactylus martinicensis have been submitted to this experiment; in these tropical forms the subsequent events follow rapidly. Most attention has been paid to Eleutherodactylus, on which a quantitative study of the numbers of fibres in nerves to the hind limb during development has recently been published (Hughes, 1965a). This work, together with a study of the behaviour of the normal embryo (Hughes, 1965b) has been used as a basis for the present experimental observations. The source of the embryos of E. martinicensis and the methods of culturing and observing them remain the same as in previous studies (Hughes, 1962,1964a & b, 1965a & b).

The genesis of membrane bone in the embryonic chick maxilla: epithelial-mesenchymal tissue recombination studies

Development ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 269-281
Author(s):  
Mary S. Tyler ◽  
David P. McCobb
Keyword(s):  
Bone Formation ◽  
Hind Limb ◽  
Bone Grafts ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Embryonic Chick ◽  
Limb Buds ◽  
Mesenchymal Tissue ◽  
Membrane Bone ◽  
Tissue Recombination

In the present study, the question of whether a relatively non-specific epithelial requirement exists for membrane bone formation within the maxillary mesenchyme was investigated. Organ rudiments from embryonic chicks of three to five days of incubation (HH 18–25) were enzymatically separated into the epithelial and mesenchymal components. Maxillarymesenchyme (from embryos HH 18–19) which in the absence of epithelium will not form bone was recombined with epithelium from maxillae of similarly aged embryos (homotypichomochronic recombination) and of older embryos (HH 25) (homotypic-heterochronicrecombination). Heterotypic recombinations were made between maxillary mesenchyme (HH 18–19) and the epithelium from wing and hind-limb buds (HH 19–22). Recombinants were grown as grafts on thechorioallantoic membranes of host chick embryos. Grafts of intact maxillae, isolated maxillary mesenchyme, and isolated epithelia from the maxilla, wing-, and hind-limb buds weregrown as controls. The histodifferentiation of grafted intact maxillae was similar to that in vivo; both cartilage and membrane bone differentiated within the mesenchyme. Grafts of maxillary mesenchyme (from embryos HH 18–19) grown in the absence of epithelium formed cartilage but did not form membrane bone. Grafts of maxillary mesenchyme (from embryos HH 18–19) recombined with epithelium in homotypichomochronic, homotypic-heterochronic, and heterotypic tissue combinations formed membrane bone in addition to cartilage. These results indicate that maxillary mesenchyme requires the presence of epithelium to promote osteogenesis and that this epithelial requirement is relatively non-specific in terms of type and age of epithelium.

scholarly journals On reciprocal innervation of antagonistic muscles.―Eighth note

1905 ◽  
Vol 76 (509) ◽  
pp. 269-297 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Hind Limb ◽  
Spinal Reflex ◽  
Flexion Reflex ◽  
Reflex Reaction ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Spinal Region ◽  
The One ◽  
Antagonistic Muscles

The following note deals more especially with observations on inhibition occurring in instances of "reciprocal innervation" obtained as a spinal reflex reaction. My view is that inhibition of this kind is part and parcel of the normal reflex process, so that in a reflex it goes on side by side with excitation of other muscles opposed to those which are inhibited. One main consideration which supported the view is the correspondence of the skin-fields whence the reflex contraction of the one set of muscles and the inhibition of the opposed set of muscles can be elicited. So, also, the correspondence of the afferent nerve-trunks, and of the points of surface of the central nervous system whence are elicited the two effects. But to test the view further, I have now attempted to examine in some particulars the conditions attaching to the initiation, and the course run by the two phenomena under comparable circumstances. I. Even in one and the same spinal region the modes of origination, time-relations, etc., of the several elicitable, e. g ., in the dog's hind limb, the "extensor thrust," the "direct-flexion reflex," the "scratch reflex," differ so greatly for each of the types as compared with the others, that in order to compare the inhibition phenomenon with the excitation phenomenon it is important to take both the phenomena from the same type-reflex. The type-reflex I have taken for the purpose has been the "direct-flexion reflex" of the hind limb.

scholarly journals Integration of human model neurons (NT2) into embryonic chick nervous system

2009 ◽  
Vol 239 (2) ◽  
pp. 496-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Podrygajlo ◽  
Christoph Wiegreffe ◽  
Martin Scaal ◽  
Gerd Bicker
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Human Model ◽  
Embryonic Chick
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