The Hydrophobic Effect Revisited-Studies with Supramolecular Complexes Imply High-Energy Water as a Noncovalent Driving Force

2014 ◽  
Vol 53 (42) ◽  
pp. 11158-11171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Biedermann ◽  
Werner M. Nau ◽  
Hans-Jörg Schneider
Keyword(s):  
Driving Force ◽  
Hydrophobic Effect ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Supramolecular Complexes

In situ TEM Studies of agglomeration of sub-nanometer Ru layers in Ru/C multilayers

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 256-257
Author(s):  
Tai D. Nguyen ◽  
Ronald Gronsky ◽  
Jeffrey B. Kortright
Keyword(s):  
Layered Structure ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
In Situ Tem ◽  
Rayleigh Instability ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Diffraction Patterns

Nanometer period Ru/C multilayers are one of the prime candidates for normal incident reflecting mirrors at wavelengths < 10 nm. Superior performance, which requires uniform layers and smooth interfaces, and high stability of the layered structure under thermal loadings are some of the demands in practical applications. Previous studies however show that the Ru layers in the 2 nm period Ru/C multilayer agglomerate upon moderate annealing, and the layered structure is no longer retained. This agglomeration and crystallization of the Ru layers upon annealing to form almost spherical crystallites is a result of the reduction of surface or interfacial energy from die amorphous high energy non-equilibrium state of the as-prepared sample dirough diffusive arrangements of the atoms. Proposed models for mechanism of thin film agglomeration include one analogous to Rayleigh instability, and grain boundary grooving in polycrystalline films. These models however are not necessarily appropriate to explain for the agglomeration in the sub-nanometer amorphous Ru layers in Ru/C multilayers. The Ru-C phase diagram shows a wide miscible gap, which indicates the preference of phase separation between these two materials and provides an additional driving force for agglomeration. In this paper, we study the evolution of the microstructures and layered structure via in-situ Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and attempt to determine the order of occurence of agglomeration and crystallization in the Ru layers by observing the diffraction patterns.

scholarly journals Quantitative theory of hydrophobic effect as a driving force of protein structure

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 387-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolay Perunov ◽  
Jeremy L. England
Keyword(s):  
Protein Structure ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Hydrophobic Effect ◽  
Quantitative Theory

Atomistic Simulation of Formation and Structure of Misfit Dislocations

1990 ◽  
Vol 202 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.S. Nandedkar ◽  
C.S. Murthy ◽  
G.R. Srinivasan
Keyword(s):  
Driving Force ◽  
Energy Barrier ◽  
Atomistic Simulation ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Misfit Dislocations ◽  
Dislocation Configuration ◽  
Au Film ◽  
Spontaneous Formation ◽  
Minimization Technique ◽  
Highly Strained

ABSTRACTIn our earlier work [1] we had reported first theoretical observations of the spontaneous formation of 60° and 90° misfit dislocations in Au/Ni (15.9% mismatch) systems for the (111) and (001) interfaces respectively. Here, we present the analysis of the evolution of the dislocation configuration as it evolves from a highly strained coherent Au film. The driving force for the formation of these misfit dislocations was the reduction in the config-urational energy during the iterative relaxation of the atoms. A finely stepped energy minimization technique was developed to relax the high energy configuration. Misfit dislocations were also obtained for low misfit systems (Pd/Ni - 10% and Pd/Cu - 7.76%), but a modified approach, which is described here, was used for these systems which shows an energy barrier to the formation of dislocations in the low misfit systems.

Oxygen activity and peroxide formation as charge compensation mechanisms in Li2MnO3

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (29) ◽  
pp. 15183-15190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anika Marusczyk ◽  
Jan-Michael Albina ◽  
Thomas Hammerschmidt ◽  
Ralf Drautz ◽  
Thomas Eckl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dft Calculations ◽  
Metal Oxides ◽  
Transition Metal Oxides ◽  
Cathode Materials ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Charge Compensation ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Oxygen Release ◽  
Peroxide Formation ◽  
Compensation Mechanisms

Over-lithiated transition metal oxides are currently the most promising high energy cathode materials. DFT calculations show that Li2MnO3 becomes increasingly unstable upon delithiation and experiences a driving force for either oxygen release from the surface or peroxide formation in the bulk. Both mechanisms are shown to be detrimental for the electrochemistry.

scholarly journals Hydrophobic Effect as a Driving Force for Host–Guest Chemistry of a Multi-Receptor Keplerate-Type Capsule

2015 ◽  
Vol 137 (17) ◽  
pp. 5845-5851 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy Watfa ◽  
Dolores Melgar ◽  
Mohamed Haouas ◽  
Francis Taulelle ◽  
Akram Hijazi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Driving Force ◽  
Hydrophobic Effect ◽  
Guest Chemistry

The hydrophobic effect as a driving force for charge inversion in colloids

Soft Matter ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 5 (7) ◽  
pp. 1350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Martín-Molina ◽  
Carles Calero ◽  
Jordi Faraudo ◽  
Manuel Quesada-Pérez ◽  
Alex Travesset ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Driving Force ◽  
Hydrophobic Effect ◽  
Charge Inversion

scholarly journals Self-Assembly of GeMn Nanocolumns in GeMn Thin Films

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thi Giang Le
Keyword(s):  
Self Assembly ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Growth Direction ◽  
Growth Surface ◽  
Maximum Height ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Mn Diffusion ◽  
Vertical Segregation ◽  
Low Solubility

This chapter presents the results of growing GeMn nanocolumns on Ge(001) substrates by means of molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). The samples have been prepared by co-depositing Ge and Mn at growth temperature of 130°C and Mn at concentration of ~6% to ensure the reproduction of GeMn nanocolumns. Based on the observation of changes in reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) patterns during nanocolumn growth, surface signals of GeMn nanocolumn formation have been identified. Structural analysis using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) show the self-assembled nanocolumns with core-shell structure extend through the whole thickness of the GeMn layer. Most of nanocolumns are oriented perpendicular to the interface along the growth direction. The nanocolumn size has been determined to be about 5–8 nm in diameter and a maximum height of 80 nm. A phenomenological model has been proposed to explain the driving force for self-assembly and growth mechanisms of GeMn nanocolumns. The in-plane or lateral Mn diffusion/segregation is driven by a low solubility of Mn in Ge while the driving force of Mn vertical segregation is induced by the surfactant effect along the [001] direction.

Microstructure and thermodynamic analysis of nanostructured Cu-13.2%Al-4%Ni ternary system synthesized by mechanical alloying

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (6) ◽  
pp. 628
Author(s):  
Rouzbeh Mayahi ◽  
Ali Shokuhfar ◽  
Mohammad Reza Vaezi
Keyword(s):  
Solid Solution ◽  
Mechanical Alloying ◽  
Crystallite Size ◽  
Amorphous Phase ◽  
Thermodynamic Analysis ◽  
Thermodynamic Data ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Lattice Strain ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Structural Defects

Thermodynamic analysis of nanostructured Cu-13.2%Al-4%Ni synthesized by mechanical alloying was studied through Miedema’s semi-empirical model. The variations of lattice strain, crystallite size and microstructural evolution at various milling times were also measured using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope. The results showed an increase in lattice strain and reduction in crystallite size due to an increase in density of structural defects as a result of high-energy collisions during mechanical alloying. The calculated thermodynamic data suggested that in all binary Cu-Al, Al-Ni and Ni-Cu systems, there is a driving force for solid solution formation over all compositions due to negative Gibbs free energy changes in those compositions, while this value is positive for the formation of amorphous phase over some compositions which can be attributed to the absence of driving force. Additionally, thermodynamic data were in agreement with XRD results which showed solid solution was formed at middle stages of mechanical alloying. Moreover, it is concluded that the formation of solid solution is easier at three corners of ternary diagram, where the concentration of one element is major, whilst amorphous phase formation is more desirable in other compositions.

The Hydrophobic Effect as a Driving Force in the Self-Assembly of a [2×2] Copper(I) Grid

2004 ◽  
Vol 116 (48) ◽  
pp. 6892-6895 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan R. Nitschke ◽  
Marie Hutin ◽  
Gérald Bernardinelli
Keyword(s):  
Self Assembly ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Hydrophobic Effect ◽  
The Self
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