scholarly journals Animal models and experimental medicine and the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2021—TRPV and PIEZO receptors for temperature and touch sensation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Zhang ◽  
Dongyuan Zhang ◽  
Chuan Qin
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Nobel Prize ◽  
Experimental Medicine ◽  
Touch Sensation

scholarly journals Learning vaccinology from viral infections

2011 ◽  
Vol 208 (12) ◽  
pp. 2347-2349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafi Ahmed ◽  
Bali Pulendran
Keyword(s):  
Nobel Prize ◽  
Human Disease ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Clinical Medicine ◽  
Immune Therapy ◽  
Vaccine Design ◽  
Experimental Medicine ◽  
Collaborative Effort ◽  
Human Immunology

This issue of the Journal of Experimental Medicine celebrates and honors the life of Ralph Steinman (1943–2011), winner of the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Ralph’s science was rooted in fundamental discovery with the goal of translating these findings into clinical medicine. He recognized the power of immunology in treating human disease and passionately championed studies on vaccine design, immune therapy, and human immunology. One particular collaborative effort between the Steinman and Sekaly laboratories resulted in a paper published in this issue of the journal.

scholarly journals An appreciation of Ralph Marvin Steinman (1943–2011)

2011 ◽  
Vol 208 (12) ◽  
pp. 2337-2342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol L. Moberg
Keyword(s):  
Pancreatic Cancer ◽  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Nobel Prize ◽  
Experimental Medicine ◽  
Nobel Committee ◽  
Experimental Therapies ◽  
Physician Scientist

Ralph Steinman, an editor at the Journal of Experimental Medicine since 1978, shared the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery of dendritic cells (DCs) and their role in immunity. Ralph never knew. He died of pancreatic cancer on September 30, 3 days before the Nobel announcement. Unaware of his death at the time of their announcement, the Nobel Committee made the unprecedented decision that his award would stand. Ralph was the consummate physician-scientist to the end. After his diagnosis, he actively participated in his 4.5 years of treatments, creating experimental therapies using his own DCs in conjunction with the therapies devised by his physicians, all the while traveling, lecturing, and most of all pursuing new investigations in his laboratory. For 38 years—from his discovery of DCs to his Nobel Prize—Ralph pioneered the criteria and methods used to identify, isolate, grow, and study DCs. He and his colleagues demonstrated that DCs are initiators of immunity and regulators of tolerance. In his most recent studies, Ralph was harnessing the specialized features of DCs to design improved vaccines. The following synopsis describes some of his seminal discoveries.

scholarly journals Preprint: Probing for Neuroadaptations to Unpredictable Stressors in Addiction: Translational Methods and Emerging Evidence

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesse T Kaye ◽  
Daniel E. Bradford ◽  
Katherine Magruder ◽  
John Joseph Curtin
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Clinical Research ◽  
Psychosocial Interventions ◽  
Experimental Medicine ◽  
Affective Neuroscience ◽  
Affective Science ◽  
Reverse Translation ◽  
Drug Dependent ◽  
Startle Potentiation

Stressors clearly contribute to addiction etiology and relapse in humans, but our understanding of specific mechanisms remains limited. Rodent models of addiction offer the power, flexibility, and precision necessary to delineate the causal role and specific mechanisms through which stressors influence alcohol and other drug use. This review describes a program of research using startle potentiation to unpredictable stressors that is well-positioned to translate between animal models and clinical research with humans on stress neuroadaptations in addiction. This research rests on a solid foundation provided by three separate pillars of evidence from 1) rodent behavioral neuroscience on stress neuroadaptations in addiction, 2) rodent affective neuroscience science on startle potentiation, and 3) human addiction and affective science with startle potentiation. Rodent stress neuroadaptation models implicate adaptations in corticotropin-releasing factor and norepinephrine circuits within the central extended amygdala following chronic alcohol and other drug use that mediate anxious behaviors and stress-induced reinstatement among drug-dependent rodents. Basic affective neuroscience indicates that these same neural mechanisms are involved in startle potentiation to unpredictable stressors in particular (vs predictable stressors). We believe that synthesis of these evidence bases should focus us on the role of unpredictable stressors in addiction etiology and relapse. Startle potentiation in unpredictable stressor tasks is proposed to provide an attractive and flexible testbed to encourage tight translation and reverse translation between animal models and human clinical research on stress neuroadaptations. Experimental medicine approaches focused on unpredictable stressors holds high promise to identify, repurpose, or refine pharmacological and psychosocial interventions for addiction.

scholarly journals Person of the Issue: Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1849–1936)

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ankit Patel
Keyword(s):  
Nobel Prize ◽  
Experimental Medicine ◽  
Active Researcher

Born on September 14, 1849, in Ryazan, Russia, Ivan Pavlov abandoned his early theological schooling to study science. As the Department of Physiology head at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, his groundbreaking work on the digestive systems of dogs earned him the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1904. Pavlov remained an active researcher until his death on February 27, 1936.

scholarly journals Application of animal models in experimental medicine on the basis of pulmonary hypertension

2018 ◽  
Vol 72 ◽  
pp. 686-700
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Sztuka ◽  
Daria Orszulak-Michalak ◽  
Magdalena Jasińska-Stroschein
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Hypertension ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Experimental Medicine ◽  
Test Model ◽  
Histopathological Changes ◽  
Human Form ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
Haemodynamic Changes ◽  
Classical Models

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a rare disorder with a severe course. Despite significant progress in diagnosis and therapy, PH is an incurable disease with a high mortality rate. Current pharmacotherapy improves the patient’s quality of life and prolongs his/her longevity, but it does not completely reverse pathological and haemodynamic changes. This might result from the multifactorial pathomechanism of the disease, which includes multiple signaling pathways. There is a need to develop novel therapies. In order to achieve this purpose, preclinical experiments are made, for instance, on animal models. Identification of potentially effective substances for further evaluation in clinical trials is determined by a variety of factors, including the selection of an appropriate test model. An ideal animal model that fully reflects the human form of pulmonary hypertension has not been identified, as yet. Generally, studies are conducted on classical models, including the chronic hypoxia model (CH) and monocrotaline model (MCT). This study presents selected animal models of pulmonary hypertension, which are used in efficiency tests on potentially new drugs as well as a mechanism of action of PH inductors and both haemodynamic and histopathological changes, characteristic for each model. The technique and conditions for the induction of pulmonary hypertension are discussed for selected methods. The authors emphasized interspecific differences in experimental animals. The article also summarizes potential benefits and limitations of animal models of pulmonary hypertension in preclinical studies, with consideration given to the repeatability and predictability of results, the cost of experiments, the toxicity of PH inductors and the comparability between haemodynamic and histopathological changes, induced in animals, and changes in the clinical picture of pulmonary hypertension in humans.

scholarly journals Annexin Animal Models—From Fundamental Principles to Translational Research

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 3439
Author(s):  
Thomas Grewal ◽  
Carles Rentero ◽  
Carlos Enrich ◽  
Mohamed Wahba ◽  
Carsten A. Raabe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Mouse Models ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Membrane Lipids ◽  
Living Organism ◽  
Lipid Binding ◽  
Experimental Medicine ◽  
Comprehensive Overview

Routine manipulation of the mouse genome has become a landmark in biomedical research. Traits that are only associated with advanced developmental stages can now be investigated within a living organism, and the in vivo analysis of corresponding phenotypes and functions advances the translation into the clinical setting. The annexins, a family of closely related calcium (Ca2+)- and lipid-binding proteins, are found at various intra- and extracellular locations, and interact with a broad range of membrane lipids and proteins. Their impacts on cellular functions has been extensively assessed in vitro, yet annexin-deficient mouse models generally develop normally and do not display obvious phenotypes. Only in recent years, studies examining genetically modified annexin mouse models which were exposed to stress conditions mimicking human disease often revealed striking phenotypes. This review is the first comprehensive overview of annexin-related research using animal models and their exciting future use for relevant issues in biology and experimental medicine.

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