Non Equilibrium Thermodynamics and the City: A New Approach to Urban Studies

2006 ◽  
Vol 96 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 543-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riccardo Maria Pulselli ◽  
Francesca Ciampalini ◽  
Alessandro Galli ◽  
Federico Maria Pulselli
Keyword(s):  
Urban Studies ◽  
Equilibrium Thermodynamics ◽  
New Approach ◽  
The City ◽  
Non Equilibrium

Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
David Faflik
Keyword(s):  
Urban Studies ◽  
Final Analysis ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Urban Forms ◽  
Modern City ◽  
Actual Existence ◽  
The Past ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
History Of ◽  
The City

This book rests upon a pair of related propositions that have far-reaching consequences for the work of urban studies. The first is that the history of the modern city is a history of urban forms. The second is that the interpretive turn to formalism represents a wholly new approach to thinking about urbanism and historicism. In other words, this book argues that to conceive of the city “formally” is not only to revise our understanding of the city’s actual existence. It is to argue for an alternative way of apprehending the conditions through which knowledge of the city is even possible. Forms alter our sense of what the historical city was. Forms change how we perceive the very practice of urban perception, whether we’re talking about the perceptual habits of historical observers from the past or anyone who is mindful, today, of how forms function in the present century. In the final analysis, the twin claims on which this book depends suggest a different kind of urban being even as they propose a novel approach to city “reading.” In forms, we’ll never know the city the same way again.

scholarly journals A facilitated diffusion model constrained by the probability isotherm: a pedagogical exercise in intuitive non-equilibrium thermodynamics

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 170429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Chapman
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Modelling ◽  
Reaction Rates ◽  
Mass Action ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Facilitated Diffusion ◽  
Equilibrium Thermodynamics ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Rate Limiting ◽  
Substrate Concentrations ◽  
Non Equilibrium

This paper seeks to develop a more thermodynamically sound pedagogy for students of biological transport than is currently available from either of the competing schools of linear non-equilibrium thermodynamics (LNET) or Michaelis–Menten kinetics (MMK). To this end, a minimal model of facilitated diffusion was constructed comprising four reversible steps: cis- substrate binding, cis → trans bound enzyme shuttling, trans -substrate dissociation and trans → cis free enzyme shuttling. All model parameters were subject to the second law constraint of the probability isotherm, which determined the unidirectional and net rates for each step and for the overall reaction through the law of mass action. Rapid equilibration scenarios require sensitive ‘tuning’ of the thermodynamic binding parameters to the equilibrium substrate concentration. All non-equilibrium scenarios show sigmoidal force–flux relations, with only a minority of cases having their quasi -linear portions close to equilibrium. Few cases fulfil the expectations of MMK relating reaction rates to enzyme saturation. This new approach illuminates and extends the concept of rate-limiting steps by focusing on the free energy dissipation associated with each reaction step and thereby deducing its respective relative chemical impedance. The crucial importance of an enzyme's being thermodynamically ‘tuned’ to its particular task, dependent on the cis- and trans- substrate concentrations with which it deals, is consistent with the occurrence of numerous isoforms for enzymes that transport a given substrate in physiologically different circumstances. This approach to kinetic modelling, being aligned with neither MMK nor LNET, is best described as intuitive non-equilibrium thermodynamics, and is recommended as a useful adjunct to the design and interpretation of experiments in biotransport.

Problems of Analysis of Design and Research Methods of Interaction with the Urban Environment

2020 ◽  
pp. 99-110
Author(s):  
П. В. Капустин ◽  
А. И. Гаврилов
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Urban Environment ◽  
Urban Studies ◽  
Environmental Movement ◽  
The Past ◽  
Types Of Knowledge ◽  
Historical Dynamics ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The City ◽  
Research And Design

Состояние проблемы. Проблематика городской среды заявила о себе в 1960-е годы как протест против модернистских методов урбанизма и других видов проектирования. Средовое движение не случайно тогда именовали «антипрофессиональным» - оно было направлено против устоявшихся и недейственных методов работы с городом - от исследования до управления. За прошедшие десятилетия в рамках самого средового движения и его идейных наследников наработано немало методов и приемов работы, однако они до сих не подвергались анализу как пребывающая в исторической динамике целостная совокупность инструментария, альтернативного традиционному градостроительству. Результаты. Рассмотрены особенности и проблемы анализа методологического «арсенала» средового движения и урбанистики. Методы работы с городской средой впервые структурированы по типам знания. Показана близость методов исследовательского и проектного подходов в отношении городской среды. Выводы. В ближайшее время можно ожидать появления новых синтетических знаний и частных методологий, связанных как с обострением средовой проблематики, с расширением круга средовых акторов, так и с процессом профессионализации урбанистики. Statement of the problem. The urban environment paradigm emerged in the 1960s as a protest against the modernist methods of urbanism and other types of design. It was no coincidence that the environmental movement was back then called "anti-professional" as it was directed against the established and ineffective methods of working with the city, i. e., from research to management. Over the past decades, within the framework of the environmental movement and its ideological heirs, a lot of methods and have been developed. However, they have not yet been analyzed as an integral set of tools in the historical dynamics which is an alternative to traditional urban planning. Results. The features and problems of the analysis of the methodological “arsenal” of environmental movement and urban studies are considered. The methods of working with the urban environment are first structured according to the types of knowledge. The proximity of research and design approaches in the case when the urban environment is dealt with is shown. Conclusions. In the nearest future, we can expect new synthetic knowledge and particular methodologies related to both the exacerbation of environmental problems to emerge as well as the expansion of the circle of environmental actors and the process of professionalization of urbanstics.

scholarly journals A Proposed Framework for Identification of Indicators to Model High-Frequency Cities

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 317
Author(s):  
Ahmad M. Senousi ◽  
Junwei Zhang ◽  
Wenzhong Shi ◽  
Xintao Liu
Keyword(s):  
Urban Studies ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Urban Policy ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Highway Design ◽  
City Life ◽  
Cultural Affiliation ◽  
Internal Mobility ◽  
The City

A city is a complex system that never sleeps; it constantly changes, and its internal mobility (people, vehicles, goods, information, etc.) continues to accelerate and intensify. These changes and mobility vary in terms of the attributes of the city, such as space, time and cultural affiliation, which characterise to some extent how the city functions. Traditional urban studies have successfully modelled the ‘low-frequency city’ and have provided solutions such as urban planning and highway design for long-term urban development. Nevertheless, the existing urban studies and theories are insufficient to model the dynamics of a city’s intense mobility and rapid changes, so they cannot tackle short-term urban problems such as traffic congestion, real-time transport scheduling and resource management. The advent of information and communication technology and big data presents opportunities to model cities with unprecedented resolution. Since 2018, a paradigm shift from modelling the ‘low-frequency city’ to the so-called ‘high-frequency city’ has been introduced, but hardly any research investigated methods to estimate a city’s frequency. This work aims to propose a framework for the identification and analysis of indicators to model and better understand the concept of a high-frequency city in a systematic manner. The methodology for this work was based on a content analysis-based review, taking into account specific criteria to ensure the selection of indicator sets that are consistent with the concept of the frequency of cities. Twenty-two indicators in five groups were selected as indicators for a high-frequency city, and a framework was proposed to assess frequency at both the intra-city and inter-city levels. This work would serve as a pilot study to further illuminate the ways that urban policy and operations can be adjusted to improve the quality of city life in the context of a smart city.

scholarly journals Contraction of polymer gels created by the activity of molecular motors

Soft Matter ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (22) ◽  
pp. 4467-4475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mattia Bacca ◽  
Omar A. Saleh ◽  
Robert M. McMeeking
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Behavior ◽  
Molecular Motors ◽  
Polymer Gels ◽  
Polymer Gel ◽  
Equilibrium Thermodynamics ◽  
Non Equilibrium

We propose a theory based on non-equilibrium thermodynamics to describe the mechanical behavior of an active polymer gel created by the inclusion of molecular motors in its solvent.

Non-equilibrium thermodynamics and dissipative fluid theories

1993 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. 1063-1086 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Banach ◽  
S. Piekarski
Keyword(s):  
Equilibrium Thermodynamics ◽  
Dissipative Fluid ◽  
Non Equilibrium

scholarly journals A Cellular Automata Model for Integrated Simulation of Land Use and Transport Interactions

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 149
Author(s):  
Nuno Pinto ◽  
António P. Antunes ◽  
Josep Roca
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Cellular Automata ◽  
Land Use Change ◽  
Urban Studies ◽  
Particle Swarm Algorithm ◽  
Cellular Automata Model ◽  
Integrated Simulation ◽  
The Road ◽  
Ca Model ◽  
The City

Cellular automata (CA) models have been used in urban studies for dealing with land use change. Transport and accessibility are arguably the main drivers of urban change and have a direct influence on land use. Land use and transport interaction models deal with the complexity of this relationship using many different approaches. CA models incorporate these drivers, but usually consider transport (and accessibility) variables as exogenous. Our paper presents a CA model where transport variables are endogenous to the model and are calibrated along with the land use variables to capture the interdependent complexity of these phenomena. The model uses irregular cells and a variable neighborhood to simulate land use change, taking into account the effect of the road network. Calibration is performed through a particle swarm algorithm. We present an application of the model to a comparison of scenarios for the construction of a ring road in the city of Coimbra, Portugal. The results show the ability of the CA model to capture the influence of change of the transport network (and thus in accessibility) in the land use dynamics.

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