Silver Oxide–Copper Oxide Nanocomposite Preparation and Antimicrobial Activity as a Source for the Treatment of Fish Diseases

Aeromonas hydrophila is a heterotrophic, gram negative bacterium which is primary or secondary cause of ulcers, fin rot, tail rot, and hemorrhagic septicaemia in fish. The treatments for this infection are only restricted to some antibiotics. So, novel materials are being searched for combating with bacterial infections and the resulting consequences. In this chapter, Ag2O/CuO nanocomposites were synthesized chemically and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron micrograph (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The antimicrobial activities of Ag2O/CuO nanoparticles (NPs), was checked by both well diffusion and turbidometric (spectrophotometric) method. Synthesized nanoparticles exhibited their antimicrobial efficacy in both the standard inhibitory assays; these results thus provide a scope for further research on the application of Ag2O/CuO nanoparticles as disinfectant and/or antibiotic in the fishery industry.

Stratagems of Nanotechnology Augmenting the Bioavailability and Therapeutic Efficacy of Traditional Medicine to Formulate Smart Herbal Drugs Combating

Mental illness is one of the most fundamental emotional states of conscious being which becomes unbalanced and leads to neurological disorders. It is a significant contributor to the global burden of disease and there is a strong desire to devise a remedy. Ayurveda represents a traditional medicine system of India that endorses antiquity than western medicine and relies on formulations rather than their active components. It has categorised a group of herbal medicines to improve mental abilities. Conversely, the mechanistic details of the therapy are not available in ayurvedic literature and there is a need to fortify this system with modern scientific analysis. The design of nanosystems encompasses promising characteristics in the field of drug delivery with a limited dosage thereby decreasing adverse effects. This chapter confers stratagems of devising polymeric nano herbal formulations as smart nano brain drugs to espouse mental health.

Performance Analysis of FET-Based Nanoiosensors by Computational Method

Human body has a hierarchy of structures. There are many organs which are affected much earlier by a disease when it is detected. Most modern sensors can detect anomalies when its concentration in the body fluid reaches to millimolar range. But more sensitive biosensors should detect disease from much lower concentration like femtomolar range. So, extremely sensitive biosensors are needed for early detection of fatal diseases at their early stage. It should detect the target molecule from a very low concentration of analyte. Also, molecules which we often need to detect are too small in size. So Nanotechnology and biotechnology should shake hand to detect nanosized particles from an extremely low concentration solution. Hence we are in a real need of a biosensor. Here we are interested in charged biomolecules and will discuss the performance of Field- Effect Transistor based biosensosrs by computational method.

Mineralized Nanofibers for Bone Tissue Engineering

The limitation of orthopedic fractures and large bone defects treatments has brought the focus on fabricating bone grafts that could enhance ostegenesis and vascularization in-vitro. Developing biomimetic materials such as mineralized nanofibers that can provide three-dimensional templates of the natural bone extracellular-matrix is one of the most promising alternative for bone regeneration. Understanding the interactions between the structure of the scaffolds and cells and therefore the control cellular pathways are critical for developing functional bone grafts. In order to enhance bone regeneration, the engineered scaffold needs to mimic the characteristics of composite bone ECM. This chapter reviews the fabrication of and fabrication techniques for fabricating biomimetic bone tissue engineering scaffolds. In addition, the chapter covers design criteria for developing the scaffolds and examples of enhanced osteogenic differentiation outcomes by fabricating biomimetic scaffolds.

CNS Targeted Nanoparticle Drug Delivery

The idea of formulating brain permeable nanoparticles stems from the need to treat various neurological disorders like Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, depression and brain tumors. Neuropeptides, antibiotics, anticancer drugs and many CNS active drugs cannot cross blood brain barrier (BBB). Studies have revealed that when these drugs are loaded on to nanoparticles they not only cross BBB, but also exhibit decreased side effects. The drug can be dissolved, dispersed, encapsulated inside the nanoparticle or attached on to surface of nanoparticles. In 1995, dalargin was the first drug to be delivered across blood brain barrier (BBB) using polysorbate 80 coated nanoparticles. The size of nanoparticles is usually between 10-1000nm. For crossing BBB it should be less than 300 nm.

Analysis of the Bacterial Vesicles' Enhanced Toxicological Threat Via Electron Microscopy

This study shows the importance of electron microscopy in the analysis of the interaction of microorganisms (Staphylococcus aureus) with polymeric (polyurethane) dental prostheses. Starting from the biofilm formation and the biodestruction of the plastic material resulting in the production of polyurethane nanoparticles, the focus is on the bacterial secretion of membrane vesicles (in the range of 20-50 nm) loaded with plastic nanoparticles (from 2-3 to 10 nm) and on the toxicological threat that these delivery devices represent when interacting with host cells. The nanoparticles deliverance led by the bacterial infections dynamics opens new ways to the possibility of delivering drugs to selected cells.

Recent Advances in Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Magnetic Nanoparticles

Magnetic nanoparticles due to their unique magnetic phenomenon, are gaining immense interest due to the utilization of these properties for a wide variety of applications in various arena especially in biomedical field. This book chapter, therefore, summarizes the synthesis of various types of magnetic nanoparticles using different approaches depending of their ability to generate either single core of multcore magnetic nanoparticles. The various biomedical applications of magnetic nanoparticles like Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), drug delivery etc. along with possible limitations and challenges for their extended applications in medicine are also discussed.

Self-Setting Calcium Phosphate Bone Cement Preparation, Characterization and Drug Delivery for Skeletal System

The reactivity of acid base cements forming hydroxyapatite (HA) such as, ß-tricalcium phosphate (ß-TCP) and dicalcium phosphate dehydrate (DCPD). Amorphous calcium phosphates, prepared by precipitation from supersaturated solutions, can also react to form apatitic cements since they are thermodynamic unstable with respect to HA and have a setting reaction more independent of particle size. Calcium phosphate cement containing an antibiotic can be used for filling bone defects and to ensure local antibiotherapy. Therefore, in the present chapter proposal, cement paste was prepared by combining cement liquids comprised of Na2HPO4 with cement powders. Gentamicin sulfate was also loaded on the cements and its in vitro release was evaluated over a period of time. The cement setting times were compared before and after drug addition. According to results, the initial and final setting times of samples increase after drug addition.

Sensing the Presence and Amount of Microbes Using Double Walled Carbon Nanotubes

The principle of mass detection using nano biosensors is based on the fact that the resonant frequency is very much sensitive to the mass of the bio-molecule, as with mass changes stiffness varies. The change of the attached mass on the CNT causes a shift to the resonant frequency. The key issue of mass detection is in quantifying the shift in the resonant frequency due to the mass of the attached molecule.This study, explores the vibration responses of the cantilever single and double-walled carbon nanotube with various attached microbes on the tip with an aim of developing a sensor. The biological objects studied include Alanine with Amino terminal residue, Deoxyadeonosine with free residue, Coronaviridae, Bartonella bacilliformis etc.. This sensor will be utilized to facilitate the identification of bacteria or virus that may be attached to CNT.

Applications of Polymeric Micro- and Nano-Particles in Dentistry

The use of micro- and nanoparticles is rapidly advancing and has been most commonly used in medical and biological research that offers an encouraging scope in broad range of disciplines. Manipulation of the biomaterials to their micro- and nano-scale renders their properties and behavior different from that of the same material in the mass scale and make them more reactive than large particles. The removal of tooth structure and its restoration with synthetic material to solve the problems caused by dental caries, trauma and fracture is a practice nearly as old as dentistry. Efforts are made to create micro- and nanomaterials that can revolutionize these ancestral therapies and dental procedures. The use of these materials had shown some promising applications in caries control, endodontic therapy, regenerative dentistry, periodontology and oral biofilm management. This review aims to discuss the recent advances and future potential of polymer-based micro- and nanoparticles in dentistry.